Reviews. 
731 
The object of the pamphlet, as far as we can gather it, 
seems to be to prove that what is called mind in man exists 
also in other animals. At page 9 Dr. Lindsay writes : 
“ It is utterly unscientific, and in all senses incorrect 
and absurd, to refer to instinct in other animals what we 
attribute to mind in man. Instinct is not something different 
from, or opposed to, mind ; but is an essential constituent of 
the latter. Instinct and reason (or intelligence) are merely 
different degrees of development, or different modes of mani- 
festation, of the same faculty, or class of phenomena. They 
pass into each other by gradations so imperceptible, that it is 
impossible to draw any rigid line of demarcation, to differen- 
tiate or define by any distinctive character. Both instinct 
and reason occur in man and other animals, though in differ- 
ent degrees or differently manifested. It is frequently most 
difficult to distinguish what is innate (or congenital) from 
what is acquired — the fruit of intuition from the result of 
experience. What is an acquired aptitude or quality in 
parents frequently becomes an instinct in successive genera- 
tions of offspring. Habit modifies, or impresses itself upon, 
organisation in the parent, whereby an instinct is created in 
the offspring. 
“ So far as present data enable us to judge, we are war- 
ranted in concluding that mental operations or phenomena 
in the lower animals are the same in kind as those of man ; 
in other words, that there is, mentally or psychically, no 
essential or fundamental distinction between man and other 
animals. This is shown equally by the pathology and phy- 
siology of mind in animals — by their mental phenomena both 
in disease and health. It may be said that there is unity of 
mental type with variety of development throughout the 
animal series.” 
These sentences, it will be seen, contain a number of 
assertions, and throughout the paper the same style prevails. 
We confess that we do not quite see how the mere statement 
that mind and instinct are the same disposes of the point in 
dispute ; we have no particular objection to the conclusion if 
it can be fairly established, but Dr. Lindsay’s paper leaves 
the whole question very much where it was. 
Some of the Principles concerned in the Breeding of Stock. 
A Paper read by Mr. Finlay Dun, at a Meeting of the 
Midland Farmers’ Club. 
There is a great deal in this pamphlet which is worth 
the notice of the profession. Mr. Dun has entered “ con 
