Introduction. 
xxix 
Amphibians and Reptilia None. 
Birds Many frugivorous birds, hornbills (Buccrotidaz), trogons 
(Trogonoulese), cockatoos and parrots (Plissoloplms 
inoluccensis ), depredate whole fields of fruit, in 
Moluccas ; ring parrot ( Palxomis torquatus), in Africa 
and India, grey parrot ( Psittacus erithacus ) in Africa, 
do much harm in fruit plantations ; others do so now 
and then; starlings ( Sturnus ), thrushes (Turdidee), 
toucans ( Rhamphastidse ) ; other birds damage twigs, etc. 
(plant cutters, Phytotomidse). 
Mammalia Rabbits and hares damage young trees by biting the 
bark : squirrels take nuts and soft fruit, and some fruit 
bats ( Pteropus polioccphalus , P. Kcrandrenii), and 
others do much harm abroad. 
Survey of Sub-section (£) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO HOPS. 
Protozoa to Nemertina .. None. 
Nematoda Eel- worms (Heterodera), produce disease. 
Crustacea Woodlice ( Armadillidium and Ascellus). 
Arachnida Red spiders ( Tctranyclius telarius ). 
Chilopoda None. 
Diplopoda Millepedes ( Julidse ) damage the roots. 
Hexapoda Many insects attack root, leaves and stem — Aphis , flea 
beetle ( Haltica concinna), wire-worm ( Agriotcs linecitus), 
hop-dogs ( D . pudibunda), shy-bugs ( Calocoris fulvo- 
mac ulatus). 
Mollusca Occasionally snails (Helix). 
Reptilia and Amphibia ... None. 
Birds Some birds, as linnets, damage the cones. 
Mammals Rabbits and hares attack the bine. 
Survey of Sub-section (rj) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO TEA. 
Protozoa to Chsetopoda ... None. 
Crustacea Land crabs in India. 
Arachnida Red tea mite ( Tctranychus biaculatus) ; fire-legged tea 
mite (Typhlodromus carinatus) ; yellow tea mite ( Acarus 
transluceus) ; pink mite (Phytoptus these). 
Hexapoda Red borer ( Zeuzera coffac) ; black grub ( Agrotis suffusa ) ; 
faggot worm (Eumeta carmeri)-, tea scale (Aspuliotus 
these) ; tea aphis (Ceylonia thcsecola) ; white ants 
( Tcrmcs taprobanes) ; tea mosquito or tea bug ( Hclio - 
peltis thcivora), and others. 
Chilopoda and Diplopoda None. 
Mollusca Snails and slugs do much harm (Hcliocarion salius and 
others). 
Reptilia and Amphilia ... None. 
Birds None. 
Mammals Wild elephants do much harm in tea plantations; also 
stray cattle, hares and land rats. 
Survey of Sub-section ( 0 ) of Section I. 
ANIMALS INJURIOUS TO COFFEE. 
Protozoa to Crustacea None. 
Arachnida None recorded, but probably several occur on coffee 
leaves. 
