Introduction. 
xix 
Amphibia 
Reptilia .. 
Birds 
Mammalia 
None. 
Ostriches are farmed for their feathers in South Africa 
and at Nice. Swans also to provide feathers (swans- 
down). Albumen prepared from fowls’ eggs. 
Tho same as Sub-group (a), i.e. cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, 
and others for (i) hide; (ii) wool; (iii) fat; (iv) bone 
and horn ; (v) milk ; and (vi) other products. 
(i) For hide— oxen ( Bovidas ), ox-hide, cow-hide, calf-skm ; 
sheep-skin for chamois and Morocco leather ; lamb- 
skin for gloves. Goat-skin used for Morocco leather 
and bottle making in the East. 
(ii) For wool— sheep, such as Merinos, Lincolns, Leicesters, 
Persian Lamb; goats, as Angora, Kashmir or Thibet 
and Sudan goats ; camels for hair which is woven into 
cloth in Persia ; alpaca and the ilama in Peru and 
Bolivia. 
(iii) For fat— pigs, sheep, oxen ; prepared suet from 
internal fat of sheep ; wool fat (Adeps Icmae ) ; prepared 
hog’s lard. 
(iv) For bone — oxen, sheep, horses, and all domesticated 
animals. Horn — cattle and sheep. 
(v) For milk — cows, goats, mares. 
(vi) For other products — sugar of milk from whey of cows’ 
milk ; ‘ fel ’ or purified ox-bile ; pepsina from mucus 
membrane of the stomach of sheep, pigs, calves. Modern 
medicine makes use of nearly all the glands of domesti- 
cated mammalia in order to manufacture “extracts” 
of a curative nature. 
Survey of Sub-group (g) of Group B. 
THE UTILISATION OF THE ANIMAL AS A SURGICAL AGENT. 
The chief animals coming in this sub-group are the Medicinal Leeches 
Sanguisuga medicinalis and S. officinalis. In Mexico another leech, a 
species of Hsementaria , is made use of. 
GKO UP C. 
Animals which directly promote Man’s operations as a civilised 
being, without being killed, captured or trained by him. 
This is a remarkable group — remarkable because it is so small. The 
fact is that in more primitive conditions of civilisation man would 
recognise more clearly than he now does his indebtedness to other 
animals, as, for instance, the fisherman looks to the sea-gulls for guidance. 
Highly civilised man has almost completely separated himself from the 
ancient association with the animal world, excepting where he has seized 
and domesticated or more or less trained the useful animal. The 
scavenger animals and birds and the earthworms still act freely for man’s 
benefit without submitting to his yoke. 
b 2 
