Introduction. 
xv 
Ccelentera Bed coral (Cor allium rubrum) and Isis and Mopsea. 
Echinoderma Starfish ( Asterias vulgaris) are collected and used as 
manure (five-finger manure) in some parts of Great 
Britain. 
Platyhelmia to Chsetopoda None. 
Crustacea None. 
Arachnida None. 
Hexapoda Various insects are sought for by man for their products 
lac insects (Coccidce)', “cantharides” (= dried beetles, 
Cantharides vesicatoria and others) ; oil extracted from 
locusts in Algeria ; galls ( Cynips ) for dyes, tanning and 
ink ; beetles for their metallic elytra, used as ornaments 
for embroidery ( Chrysochus auratus, Buprestis vittata) ; 
‘ ground pearl ’ of Bahamas produced by a scale insect, 
Margarodes formicarium. 
Chilopoda None. 
Diplopoda None. 
Mollusca Many shells are collected for ornamental purposes — 
cameos ( Cassis madagascarensis and others) ; Sepia for 
cuttle bone and sepia ; pearl oysters ( Aviculidse ) ; 
cowries (Cyprsea moneta ) are used as money by some 
uncivilised races ; the byssus of Pinna for silk ; pearls 
and mother-of-pearl from pearl oysters ( Avicula mar- 
garitifera), and purple pearls from Area ; others for dyes, 
as Aplysia camclus in Portugal. 
Tunicata (Ascidians) None. 
Fish Various sharks for their skin (shagreen) ; fish skins are 
used to clarify beer, also isinglass. Glue is also made 
from fish skins in India. Cod liver oil from the cod 
( Gadus morrhuas). Fish bile used chemically in India. 
Fish scales, of the bleak ( Leuciscus alburmis) and dace 
(L. vulgaris), to make artificial pearls. Fish scales of 
the mahasir (Barbus tor) also used in manufacture of 
playing cards in India. 
Amphibians Frogs for their skin for ornamental book-binding. 
Beptiles Many lizards and crocodiles are captured for their skins 
for ornamental purposes ; also turtles (hawksbill and 
green turtle) for tortoise shell. 
Birds The plumage of many wild birds for ornamental purposes 
— grebes (Colymtois cristatus), skins used for muffs, 
trimmings, etc. ; gulls (Rissa tridactyla and others), for 
hats and decoration ; Argus pheasant (Argus giganteiLs) ; 
peacock feathers in China ; eagle feathers in N. 
America; jays, cockatoos, and parakeets for making 
artificial flies ; Eider ducks (Somatcria mollissima ) for 
eider down in Greenland, Iceland, and Norway; wild 
swans for swan down; bile (fel) of the peacock used 
medicinally in India. 
Mammals Most groups are sought for for their (i) furs; (ii) 
skin and hide ; (iii) bone and horn ; (iv) fats ; and 
(v) scents. 
(i) For furs — seal, bear, ermine, marten, pine marten, 
sable, chinchilla, skunk, mink, neutria, caracal, wol- 
verine, marmot, musquash, genet, squirrel, Arctic 
fox, moles, etc. Various marsupials — wallabies and 
kangaroos ( Macropus ), phalangers ( Tricliosurus ), and 
others. 
(ii) For skin and hide — the wild pig, white whale 
(= porpoise hide) and true porpoises (Phoaena com- 
munis) ; buffalo and chamois ; seal for black enamel 
leather. 
(iii) For bone and horn — elephant and narwhal for 
ivory ; oxen, deer, and buffalo for horn ; whales 
(Balsena mysticetus) for whalebone. 
