94 First Report on Economic Zoology. 
turnips or any other root-crop leaves, but Curtis evidently observed 
it on the steins of turnip leaves. Its normal food plants are the 
various Brassicce, upon which it may occur in great numbers, causing 
large crinkled folds and swellings on the leaves, which turn white. 
The Aphides are covered with a white mealy coat. 
Unless one has a field Strawsoniser one can do nothing in such 
attacks. 
Injurious Tipulidae of Great Britain. 
Their Life-history and Treatment. 
Several enquiries have been received during 1902 concerning 
Leather- Jackets. 
The so-called Leather-Jackets, or the larvae of the Daddy Long- 
legs, or Crane Elies, that do most harm to crops, belong to five 
species, namely, the common Crane Ely (Tipulcc olerctcea ); the Marsh 
Crane Ely ( Tipulcc pcduclosa) ; the Striped-abdomen Crane Ely 
(T. lateralis , Meig.) ; the Yellow-Spotted Crane Fly (Pachyrrhincc 
maculosa), and an allied species, P. quadrifaria. Some years it is one 
species that does most harm, in other years another, or all may be 
equally abundant. During the year 1902 the Yellow-Spotted Crane 
Ely (P. maculosa) was most abundant generally. The larvae of all 
species work in a very similar way, the grubs feeding upon roots of all 
kinds of plants, often working into the interior of large roots just below 
the surface of the ground. In such plants as the dahlias, carnations 
and hops, they often cannot be detected, as they work so far into the 
roots. They not only attack plants below ground, but they frequently 
appear on the surface, and have been noticed to eat through straw- 
berry runners. Their appearance on the surface is chiefly at night. 
I have frequently noticed those of olcracca and mcicidosa feeding in 
large numbers above ground on damp summer nights. Eitzema Bos 
has not only observed the larvae of maadosa feeding above ground at 
night, but also “ by day in dark, damp weather,” and watched them 
at work on the growing field crop. This habit of coming above 
ground at night to feed is one we must pay especial attention to 
from an economic point of view. All these larvae are particularly 
prevalent in grass land and clover lay, where they find congenial 
surroundings amongst the tangled growth of roots and in turnip 
fields ; but at the same time we get them in rich, clean garden soil, 
causing havoc amongst lettuce, cabbage, and tender flowering plants. 
During the past season (1902) the larvae of P. maculosa were 
observed working into the stems of cornflowers just below and above 
