g6 First Report on Economic Zoology. 
The imagines then escape. It is a very common sight to see hundreds 
of these empty pupal cases sticking up amongst a few square feet of 
pasture. They are especially noticeable, projecting from the edges 
of lawns along gravel paths. These insects do endless mischief to 
lawns, but never to the same extent that they do to permanent 
pasture, because the mowing and rolling, especially if carried on late 
into the autumn, kills so many of the adults, and destroys the eggs, 
besides compressing the ground so firmly that the Leather- Jackets 
can move but slowly from root to root. 
Very frequently the damage done to grass land by their larvae is 
attributed to other causes. Miss Ormerod gives the following 
instance : — “ On May 24th Mr. W. Gray, writing from Langholm, 
Dumfriesshire, N.B., sent me some quite young caterpillars of 
the Antler Moth of various sizes, from very small up to as much 
as a third or half-grown. He mentioned at the same time the 
injured appearance of the grass, but that on searching for the cater- 
pillars there seemed very little sign of them, which he ascribed to 
their being still so small that they escaped observation. However, 
about a month later the true cause of the damage was found.” The 
maggots proved to be the larvae of P. maculosa (Eeport XIX., 
p. 33, 1896). 
The five chief injurious species may have their characteristics 
summarised as follows : — 
I. The Common Crane-Fly. 
{Ti'pula olerctcea). 
This species (Fig. 11, 1 ) is widely distributed over Great Britain, its 
larvae and those of the next species being the common forms of large 
Leather Jackets so destructive to all crops. The adults appear from 
May to September, the majority being seen during August and 
September, but they may occur even into October in considerable 
numbers. They can stand a fair amount of frost, for I have seen 
them alive after the night temperature has been as low as 28° F. 
The adult is silvery-grey ; the thorax striped ; the metathorax 
silvery -white ; the abdomen slaty -grey ; the segments becoming 
testaceous towards their edges, and there is a dark lateral line 
between the upper part and the testaceous sides ; the apex is also 
testaceous. The long, slender legs are testaceous ; the tarsi dark 
brown. The wings are longer than the body, greyish; the costa 
brown, and sharply contrasted from the rest of the wing, and beneath 
it there is a greyish , limpid streak in both g and 9 • 
The larvae when full grown reach an inch in length and about the 
