98 First Report on Economic Zoology . 
They pupate in July, August and September. The pupa is about 
as long as the larva, but not quite so thick, and in colour varies from 
dirty brown to brown ; the ventral spines are large, and there are 
small ones on the dorsal parts of the segments ; the tail-end is spiny 
and acuminate. 
The larvae of this large Tipulid feed on all manner of roots, but 
are especially prevalent in grass land. 
II. The Allied or Marsh Crane-Fly. 
( Tvpula 'paludosct). 
This species is nearly as common as the former, which it closely 
resembles. It appears, however, a little later as a rule, and may he 
at once distinguished by the wings of the female being shorter than 
the body and by the absence of the pale streak under the costa in the 
female; this pale streak, however, occurs in the male, but the 
genitalia differ from those of oleracea. The legs are also much 
stouter than in oleracea. The body, especially in the female, is of a 
general ferruginous colour, with the dorsal stripe weakly developed. 
The palpi are also stouter than in the common crane-fly. Its larvae 
feed in similar situations to the former. I am not acquainted with 
its structural differences. 
III. The Striped-Abdomen Crane-Fly. 
( Ti'pula lateralis , Meigen.) 
This is a very abundant species which sometimes appears in 
swarms. I have frequently had the larvae sent me as damaging 
grass lands from different parts of England. I have noticed it to be 
particularly abundant along the grassy roadsides in Huntingdonshire 
some years, notably in 1.890 and 1900, when great numbers of the 
maggots were attacking the grass in neighbouring fields. Grass roots 
seem to be the main food of the larvae. There are no records of it 
attacking garden produce or other crops, but it doubtless does so. . It 
occurs in the adult stage in June and July and again in September. 
In the latter month I found the flies swarming in the fields around 
Sidmouth in 1889. 
The thorax of this species (Fig. 11, 2) has three brown stripes and 
is margined with deep brown ; the middle line is broadest anteriorly 
and has a dark central line in front. The abdomen has chestnut- 
brown side lines, and each segment has the posterior border with a 
