99 
Injurious Tipulidce. 
fine pale line. Tlie legs are reddish-brown, the tips of the joints dark 
brown. The wings are tinged with brown and there is an oblique pale 
mark by the stigma. The cross-veins are clouded with dark brown 
and the marginal cell yellowish-brown. Its length varies from half 
to two-thirds of an inch. The larva varies from three quarters of an 
inch to nearly an inch in length ; it is thick skinned, of a dirty 
brownish yellow line, often with a coating of earth when it assumes 
a brownish appearance, and has three dark stripes running down the 
body on the back interrupted by the segments ; there are a few dark 
short hairs ; the anal end with four short thick papillae above, all 
much the same length, but the two middle ones closer together and 
a little smaller than the outer pair, and two short, coarse ones on the 
lower edge. The pupa is nearly an inch in length, of a dirty whitish 
colour at first, becoming blackish-brown. On the ventral surface of 
the fifth to the eighth segments is an unequal sized transverse row 
of bristles near each posterior border ; there are also spines on the 
front parts of the ventral segments ; the last segment is surrounde 
by ten spines, four above, four below, and two on each side. 
The larvre are especially fond of damp, wet, muddy earth. 
The other two recorded injurious species belong to the genus 
Pachyrhinus of Macquart. The members of this genus can be told 
by their more fragile form and black and yellow colouring, and they 
have the three veins from the discal cell, generally starting from 
separate bases (Fig. 11, 10 ). 
IV. The Spotted Crane-Fly. 
(Pccchyrhina maculosa, Meigen.) 
This is a most abundant species in Great Britain in fields, road- 
sides, and especially in gardens. It appears in June and July and 
again in September. After the two large Crane Flies this is the 
most harmful species, some years it being far more destructive in its 
larval stage than they are. Its life-history was first worked out by 
the greatest economic entomologist England has seen — John Curtis. 
During the season of 1902 it appeared in enormous numbers in 
some districts, such as Kent and Huntingdonshire, and has been 
reported in great abundance elsewhere. I also found it swarming in 
parts of Devonshire in 1888. 
Curtis speaks of it as swarming on the sea coast, and mentions 
“ seeing myriads on sand banks in the Isle of Portland, also at the 
back of the Isle of Wight, and at Lowestoft in Suffolk.” 
h 2 
