Inju rions T ipu li dee. 
IOI 
V. The Allied Spotted Crane-Fly. 
( Pachyrhina quadrifaria, Meigen.) 
This is a closely related species to the preceding, and like it is 
generally distributed over England, but does not seem to occur in 
such swarms, nor do its larvae seem to occasion as much harm, it, 
however, has been sent to me from various parts of Surrey and I 
have observed its larvce in great numbers ravaging flower and 
vegetable plants at Kingston-on-Thames in 1884 and 1886 ; in the 
latter year it was especially abundant in the south of England. 
The adult appears in June and July. 
The female is yellow, the abdomen with a black dorsal stripe ; the 
head with a triangular black spot behind. The thorax has three 
broad black stripes, the lateral pair including two yellow spots, and 
the metathorax has three black stripes. In the $ the abdominal 
stripe is interrupted on the anterior border of each segment, in the 9 
the dorsal stripe is dilated on the hind border of each segment. The 
wing is transparent, with the stigma brown, and the hind cross-vein 
and the last piece of the vein below it infuscated. Legs testaceous ; 
tips of the femora and tibiae black, and the tarsi dusky. Length, 
half an inch. 
The deep brown stigma will at once separate it from the 
preceding species. 
The larva is seldom more than half an inch long, of a greyish- 
yellow colour, with thick skin, and very like that of P. maculosa ; 
four dorsal papillae, the two inner ones much shorter than the two 
outer ones ; the two ventral papillae short, also brown stripes beneath 
the stigmas. The pupa is about as long as the larva, brownish-yellow, 
with sharply indented segments ; two short, thin, rather spatulate 
cephalic horns ; each segment with six or seven dorsal spines ; 
ventral surfaces with five teeth-like spines. 
Natural Enemies of Tipulidhl 
The Tipulidae are preyed upon by a number of natural enemies 
which, however, are not sufficiently potent to stop them doing much 
harm and causing great loss both to the agriculturist and horticul- 
turist. The subject of natural enemies is one to which, special 
attention should be paid, but it is quite useless to expect very great 
benefit to accrue from any except the birds. People who are 
acquainted more with the laboratory than the field talk of the use of 
parasitic hymenoptera ( Ichneumonidcc and Clialcididce ) and of 
