136 First Report on Economic Zoology. 
one to three air holes— the larvae eat out secondary galleries in the 
bast which branch out at right angles to the primary gallery ; (ii) the 
beetles in August and September bore into the pith of young pine 
shoots at a distance of from one to three inches from their extremities, 
eating out a tunnel up to the terminal bud. The holes where the 
entrance is made are surrounded by a ring of opaque resin ; (iii) the 
beetles bore into the sap wood of the root-stock of quite sound trees 
to hibernate, and thus trees may become sickly that were formerly 
quite sound, and so attract beetles during the following year. 
The beetles appear in April and May, and again in June and 
July. The larvse hatch in April and May, and pupate in June or 
July and even August. 
Those that hatch in June may produce a second brood in August, 
and this second brood attacks the terminal shoots and branches. The 
whole life cycle lasts from sixty to eighty days. 
It should be remembered that the beetles hibernate in the adult 
stage in the root stocks and roots of standing trees, also in old 
stumps. 
Schlich * gives the following protective and remedial measures : — 
i. Timely and frequent thinnings of woods and quick removal of 
all sickly wood. 
ii. Clearance of felling areas by the middle of April. 
iii. Uprooting of stumps and broken trees or barking the same. 
iv. Pine woods if damaged by fire should be felled. 
v. Insect-eating mammals and birds should be protected. 
vi. All standing trees containing larvae and pupae should be felled 
and barked and the bark burned. 
vii. Trap trees should be felled from February to September, so as 
to supply trees which are not too dry for the beetles to breed in. 
These should be barked at the middle of May, and others at intervals 
of four to six weeks, and the bark burnt. 
Of these rules the most important are ; (A) the destruction of 
attacked trees at the proper time; and (B) using certain unhealthy 
trees as “trap” trees. If there are no unhealthy trees in the 
plantation, certain of them should be made into “trap” trees by 
ringing the worst trees. This is done by cutting strips of bark round 
the trees in the early spring so as to produce an unhealthy state, and 
so attract the beetles to lay their eggs and thus keep them away 
from the surrounding ones. 
These “ trap ” trees should be burnt later, before the larvae and 
pupse have matured. 
* 14 Manual of Forestry,” Vol. IV., p. 242. 
