THE PRINCIPLES OP BOTANY. 
547 
or Archill, derived from Roccella tinctoria, from which lit- 
mus is also made ; in fact, any orchella weed will make 
litmus. The R. tinctoria and perhaps other species are 
sparingly met with in England, as at St. Malo, in the South, 
but the plant is imported for dyeing purposes from different 
parts of the world, and amongst others the following sorts are 
known in commerce : 
Angola Orchella weed Cape de Verde weed 
Cape of Good Hope ditto Corsica ditto 
Canary 1 * * * ditto Sardinia, & c., ditto 
And in such quantities that, according to Pereira, 
“ In 1838, 567 cwts. ; in 1839, 6494 cwts. ; and in 1840, 
4175 cwts. of Orchella weed paid duty. 5 ’ 
Cudbear is another colouring matter made from Lichen. 
Pereira tells us that “ the manufacture of this pigment was 
begun at Leith, about the year 1777, by the late Mr. Mac- 
intosh, of Glasgow, under the management of Dr. Cuthbert 
Gordon. From the latter gentleman’s name the term Cud- 
bear (at first Cuihberf) originated.” 
Cudbear is chiefly derived from the Leconora tartarea , an 
English species ; but Berkeley tells us that Mr. Macintosh 
imports it largely from Norway, where it grows more abun- 
dantly than with us. He adds : “ Yet in the Highland 
districts many an industrious peasant gets a living by scraping 
off this Lichen with an iron hoop, and sending it to the 
Glasgow market. When 1 was in the neighbourhood of Fort 
Augustus, some years ago, I was informed that a person 
could earn 14s. per week at this work, selling the material at 
3s. 4 d. the stone of 22 lbs.” 
Interesting as are the facts connected with the dye lichens, 
we must not dwell longer on this part of our subject, but 
hasten to make a few notes upon what we may perhaps be 
allowed to term the medicinal or dietetic forms. These are 
all thalliform, that is, consisting of a thallus, crust, or frond. 
These yield starch, gum, and sugar, and some bitter prin- 
ciples, which latter may make some of them tonic ; but when 
removed by hot water, the plant may be boiled to a jelly, 
1 Mr. Lees says, “Many of the crustaceous and foliaceous lichens 
might be used in dyeing processes, but the Roccella or Orchell, brought 
from the Canary Islands, is most valued, and has been most employed. 
The price of this in the market is now about £290 per ton, and at particular 
t imes it ha3 risen to nearly £1000 \”— Botanical Looker-Out , 1851, p. 529. 
Mauritius ditto 
Madagascar ditto 
Barbary ditto 
Western Island ditto 
Madeira ditto 
Lima ditto 
