40 Second Report on Economic Zoology. 
gallery and crawl about upon the leaves for a short time. Usually 
in a few hours they commence to spin a cocoon on the leaf. These 
cocoons are generally spun on the under side of the leaves (Fig. 4, b l ), 
but may occur on the upper side (Fig. 4, b), the latter only when 
they settle upon small or curled leaves. Very often the cocoon is 
spun on the leaf in which the larva has tunnelled, or it may be a 
fresh leaf. This case is formed of very fine shiny white silk, and is 
made in well-formed examples as follows : a thick strand extending 
from one branch vein to another on each side, usually parallel and 
about 5 mm. apart. The length of these lateral strands depends 
upon the distance of the ribs apart. I have measured some 30 mm. 
long. The cocoon is spun between these and attached to them by 
another strand of silk on each side. The cocoon itself is cylindrical 
and open at each end. They may also occur with the treads 
running from the mid-rib to the edge of the leaf (5 1 ). The pupa 
(Fig. 4, cl) is pale apple green, the front fawn-coloured and also the 
wing-cases. The third segment of the abdomen has a large apical 
yellow patch, and the base of the fourth is also yellow, the venter 
pale green, with the tips of the leg-cases black, also the eyes. It is 
formed a few days after the larva has commenced to build the nest. 
It is notched in front, and behind the antennal cases stick out as 
two prominences. The leg-cases and wing-cases are long and pro- 
minent, and there are black marks noticeable at the apices of all the 
legs. The pupa is 3 • 5 mm. long. 
The pupal stage lasts from ten to twenty days. The larvae found 
in April give rise to a brood of moths in June and July. These lay 
their eggs again, and we find the larvae occurring in July and 
beginning of August. They mature and give rise to a third brood in 
September and October. This latter brood of moths hibernate, but 
those that occur early in September (some hatched out this year on 
the 1st) may lay eggs and produce another generation of larvae which 
mature in the middle of October and join in hibernating with the 
late-liatched previous brood. 
Treatment. 
It is extremely difficult to say what to do in such an attack, but 
fortunately it is so far limited to a few trees, and these usually 
pyramids and espaliers, where hand-picking can be carried out. The 
whole life seems to be spent on the tree in a protected condition, 
the only time the larvae are free being when they leave the tunnels 
and commence to spin. They then take no food, and as they hatch 
