3 2 Second Report on Economic Zoology. 
bella, Fabr., IT. cognatella, Hub. and H. irrorella, Hub. ; both the 
former are very abundant some years in the South of England, where 
they not unfrequently defoliate the trees and even gnaw the bark 
off the young stems. They are often very destructive to ornamental 
Euonymus in gardens. The larvae of both occur in destructive form 
in June, the adults in July and August. H. irrorella , Hub., also 
found on the same food plant, is scarce. Three species attack 
fruit, namely, H. malinella, Zell., II. cvonymella , L., and H.'padella , 
L. The former is known as a fruit tree pest attacking the 
apple ; it has been recorded, however, as H. padella, which it 
closely resembles. H. 'padella feeds on hawthorn, and in France on 
plum and cherry, in Italy on plum. Although this last species is 
said to be found on apple, the nest made by the larvae on hawthorn 
in this country certainly differs from that made on apple, being 
much looser. The form on the apple was named malivorella by 
Stainton, but was apparently sunk as a synonym of padella by him 
later.* Zeller described the apple form of Europe as malinella. 
It has not been recognised in England. H. evonymella only 
occasionally does any harm, its normal food-plant being the Bird- 
cherry (Erunus padns). It has been sent to me on more than one 
occasion from cultivated cherries in Kent and also from apple. 
Whitehead says it is the species most usually met with in the 
north of England. H. padella often does much harm to hawthorn 
hedges, frequently quite defoliating them. In Italy it attacks the 
plum, being known as “ tignola del pruno,” in France cherry, plum 
and grapes. It also attacks the cherry in England. 
The Apple pest ( H . malinella) was most troublesome in 1865, 
1877 and 1880. Whole orchards were entirely devastated in the 
two first-named years, the foliage being as bare as in midwinter. 
Such an attack not only ruined that year’s crop, but so harmed the 
trees that they did not bear crops in subsequent seasons. 
Life-history of the Apple Ermine. 
The life-history seems to have been confused in describing this 
pest with that of II. padella. The fact that the same species was 
thought to attack both hawthorn and apple probably is the cause of 
this. I feel convinced the two are distinct. 
The apple species is smaller than that found on the hawthorn, 
measuring about 17 mm. ; the head is white and also the palpi, the 
thorax is snowy-white with black spots, as also are the fore wings, 
* Lep., Tineina, Ins. Brit. iii. p. 60, 1854. 
