130 Second Report on Economic Zoology. 
when it leaves the host is greyish-brown, striped with grey or white ; 
in bovis it is brownish and much more contracted and roundish in 
form. The adult IT. bovis differs in regard to colour and size, being 
slightly larger than H. lineata, and banded with yellow and velvety- 
black hairs, not brownish-black as in II. lineata. 
Like the former it appears from May to September. 
Some Important Habits. 
All these CEstrulee are found on the wing during hot, bright 
weather. They not only appear during hot weather, but are most 
active during the hottest part of the day, usually between noon and 
three o’clock. They do not fly in dull cold weather, but become 
torpid, sheltering in crevices of sheds, hurdles, under leaves, etc. So 
susceptible are they to temperature that they will not fly into shade 
or over water. The adults have generally no proper mouth, and at 
most a rudimentary one, and hence they take little or no nourish- 
ment. They produce when flying a low audible hum, which causes 
the animals to stampede and to seek shelter. 
Prevention and Treatment. 
Much good may be done by allowing stock to have plenty of 
shelter during hot weather, either natural shelter of trees or artifical 
shelter formed by rough lodges or sheds. Water to which stock may 
run and enter also wards off these pests. 
The flies may be deterred from laying their eggs by dressing the 
beasts every now and then with some strong smelling oil or grease. 
Cart grease and paraffin may be used for this purpose. Another 
mixture found of benefit is one quart of train oil, 4 ozs. of oil of 
tar, and 4 ozs. of flower of sulphur. Pure kerosene applied to the 
legs, back and flanks with a rag is also successful. This must be 
done every now and then when the flies are on the wing, i.e., from 
May to September. 
By far the most important method of coping with these pests is 
the old way of squeezing the “ hots ” out of the warbles and killing 
them. This should be done in February and March when the 
warbles are most noticeable. The maggots may very easily be 
extracted by squeezing the warbles with both thumbs and then 
squashing them underfoot. This is a far better plan than covering 
the opening of the warble with grease or mercurial ointment, so as to 
suffocate the hot within. 
