January, 1882. 
THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST. 
69 
downy cylinder ; leaf narrow-linear, inserted some distance from 
the base of the stem ; no bract between the leaf and the floral 
bracts ; flowers two to three, very small ; inner pair of segments 
of the calyx-limb conspicuously distant from the outer pair ; 
labellum lanceolar-ovate, passing from a gradually attenuated 
base into curved stipes of hardly half the length, pointed at 
the summit, very bulging above, amply hollow-concave beneath, 
beset with papillular glands only towards the centre, not 
appendiculated ; membrane of the column terminated on each 
side by a small deltoid lobe ; fruit oblique egg-shaped. 
Near Mount Zero. D. Sullivan. This evidently rare species 
differs from C. minor, which it precisely imitates in stature 
and size, chiefly by having the labellum not in a peltate 
manner attached to the stipes, nor its apex blunt, nor its 
base appendiculated ; it being also more dilated towards 
the middle, and its membranous margin and apex remaining 
free of callous tubercles. This abnormal structure of the 
labellum removes the species likewise from the other congeners, 
offering an approach to the Genoplesium section of Prasophyl- 
lum. 
Helichrysum Kempei . — Shrubby ; leaves crowded on the 
branchlets, linear, somewhat acute, at the margin revolute, 
underneath, as well as the branchlets, grey-tomentose; flower- 
heads disposed in terminal compound corymbs ; involucres 
very small, semiellipsoid, cylindrical, pale yellow, not radia- 
ting ; scales blunt, appresaed, largely pellucid and glabrous, 
the inner scales gradually short-stalked, their stipes subtle- 
downy ; flowers generally from ten to twelve within the 
involucre, not exserted, all bisexual ; fruits very short, 
subtle-silky, not turgid towards the middle, surrounded at the 
base by a callous ring ; bristles of the pappus sixteen to 
twenty-two, minutely serrulated, towards their summit slightly 
thickened. Near the Finke River in Central Australia. Rev. 
H. Kempe. Allied to H. cassinoides, from the coast regions 
of Middle Queensland. 
Dodoncea Macrossanii — Ferd. v. Mueller & Scortechini. — 
Short-hairy ; leaves very small, pinnate ; lateral leaflets in 
one or oftener two pairs, all linear or oval-lanceolar, crowded, 
undivided or some bifid, all flat at the margin ; rachis some- 
what dilated ; stalklets of female flowers solitary, extremely 
short ; sepals three or four, ovate-lanceolar, nearly half as 
long as the very small roundish-triangular or quadrangular 
fruit ,* valves with neither hornlike nor winglike appen- 
dages, seceding from the persistent dissepiments. Near 
Miles, in South-western Queensland. Rev. B. Scortechini. 
Staminate flowers and ripe seeds not yet obtained. The 
only other species, which combines pinnate leaves with inap- 
pendiculate fruits, is D. humilis, from which this new con- 
gener differs in its much more conspicuous general hairiness, 
in exceedingly small not denticulated leaflets of only two or 
one pairs in considerably smaller fruits, the hairs of which 
are not gland-tipped. The paucity and smallness of the leaflets 
bring our new plant near to D. microzyga (F. v. M. Annual 
Report, 1862, p. 12). 
/ Pharmacy has lost one of its brightest ornaments through 
" the death of Dr. W. O. Sonder, of Hamburg, who, after a brief 
illness of four days, expired on the 21st November last, at the 
age of 69. For more than 30 years Dr. Sonder conducted, as 
proprietor, a leading pharmaceutical establishment in the great 
Hansa city, where he was also, for nearly as many years, a 
member of the medical board. But his zeal, ability, and great 
working power allowed him to carry on independent progres- 
sive work in his favourite science — that of botany — irrespective 
of his extensive professional engagements. In 1841 he com- 
menced his literary career by elaborating for Profess. Lehmann’s 
work on Dr. Preiss’ plants of West Australia the extensive 
orders of Epacridese and Stylideas ; in the year following 
he described, for the same publication, the very numerous 
Algas. This placed Sonder at once among the masterly 
workers in that branch of science. After describing many 
orchids from Natal and other South-African plants, he 
published in 1851 a voluminous descriptive flora of Hamburg, 
the result of many years’ excursions in its surroundings, in 
conjunction with the late lamented Professor Harvey, he ela- 
borated, from 1859 till 1865, the three large volumes of the 
Flora Capensis. Since that time his attention was parti- 
cularly directed to the investigations of Australian Algae, con- 
cerning which he was, since 1848, in very frequent com- 
munication with Baron von Mueller, and in these researches 
he was still enthusiastically engaged when death suddenly 
took him from his mourning family and large circle of private 
and scientific friends. Sixty wreaths from friends adorned his 
coffin. So long as the present creation exists Dr. Sonder’s 
name will be connected honourably with the flora of Australia 
and South Africa. 
SOME REMARKS UPON MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL 
STUDY. 
(By H. J. Moller.) 
( From Pharmaceutical Journal-) 
Italy. 
The following facts respecting pharmaceutical education in 
Italy I have obtained from Mr. Kernwein, “ chimico-far- 
macista ” in Florence, to which gentleman my friend Mr. 
Arthur Meyer (at present an assistant at the pharmaceutical 
institute in Strassburg) had the kindness to introduce me. 
The most recent law regulating pharmaceutical study is 
the royal decree of 12th March, 1876. The course is arranged 
in a quite peculiar way which very much resembles the system 
employed in Spain and Greece. 
There are two classes of pharmacists, viz.: — “ farmacista ” 
and “laureato (or ‘ dottore ’) in chimica e farmacia,” and 
also assistants (called “ministro,” “giovane” or “commesso”); 
these last do not correspond to the German “gehiilfen,” but 
are always examined pharmacists — i.e ., have all passed the 
“major.” 
The young man who wishes to commence the study of 
pharmacy must first prove that he is qualified to enter the 
third class of the “ liceo,”* or he must have passed the three 
first classes in an “ instituto tecnico ” (this school corresponds 
to the German “hohere Realschule”); in the last case he must 
pass a special examination in Latin. 
If these demands are fulfilled, the young man does not 
begin his practical education, but commences immediately to 
follow the lectures at the universities, where, according to 
Article 2 of the above-mentioned law, special pharmaceutical 
schools are to be established. Such a “ scuola di farmacia ” 
already exists in Florence, where it is connected with the 
“ scuola di medicina.” The course occupies from four to five 
years, according to the two following plans : — 
A. Plan of study, requisite for the degree of farmacista. 
First year : Inorganic chemistry, botany, mineralogy, 
physics. Second year : Organic chemistry, botany, phar- 
maceutical and toxicological chemistry, materia medica ; 
practical exercises in pharmaceutical chemistry, toxicology 
and qualitative analysis. Third year : Continuation and 
termination of the same studies and exercises as in the second 
year. 
At the end of every year examinations are held in the com- 
pleted branches. After the last of these examinations, the 
student goes to a pharmacy of an hospital, to a military or 
other pharmacy, which is authorised by the Government to 
this end, and there first he commences his practical education, 
which is finished in one year. This last, fourth year of study, 
is called the “ anno di pratica,” and is terminated by a final 
examination, which includes qualitative analysis, a chemical 
and a “galenical” preparation, medical botany, materia 
medica, and the dispensing of prescriptions. 
B. Plan of study requisite for the degree of dottore (or 
laureato ) in chimica e farmacia. The studies extend over five 
years, and are divided into two periods. 
1. The first period (three years) : Inorganic and organic 
chemistry, physics, pharmaceutical and toxicological chemistry, 
botany, mineralogy, geology, zoology, materia medica, and 
toxicology ; practical exercises in physics, botany, mineralogy, 
materia medica, qualitative analysis, and chemical prepara- 
tions. 
2. The second period (two years) : In the fourth year the 
candidate studies more especially qualitative, toxicological, 
and zoochemical analyses ; he must also make some separate 
studies in a special branch of natural science, chosen by him- 
self. In the fifth year (“ anno di pratica,”) he learns practical 
pharmacy as above mentioned. Now he passes the final 
examination, which consists of three parts ; the first includes 
qualitative, quantitative, and toxicological analyses, and an 
oral examination in these branches ; the second part embraces 
two chemico-pharmaceutical preparations, medical, botany, 
and materia medica ; the third consists of a dissertation on a 
*The “ liceo” is the classical school ; the third class is the highest, and 
the final examination of this class is called the “ licenza liceale,” and thus 
corresponds to the Gennan “ Maturitatsprufung,” and the French “ bacca- 
laur^at.” 
