88 
March, 1882. 
THE CHEMIST AND DRtfGGlST. 
recognised at once the smell of prussic acid, and pronounced 
the case as one of atrocious murder. 
The male portion of the neighbours started off at once in 
pursuit of Tawell, but arrived only just in time to see the 
train in which he had taken his seat dash out of the station. 
On telling the station-master what had happened, that 
individual, with commendable promptitude, set the telegraph 
to work, and gave an account of the crime and a description 
of the murderer, and the result was, that on the arrival of the 
train in London, a detective was waiting for Tawell, whom he 
followed to a celebrated restaurant and arrested, just after he 
had finished a sumptuous tea, and whilst he was, no doubt, 
congratulating himself on his lucky escape. 
The assassin was, of course, locked up for the night, and 
fully committed, the next morning, to take his trial for wilful 
murder. 
# The trial took place at “ Aylesbury,” and as I was at the 
time serving a junior-assistantship not very far from that 
town, I have a lively recollection of the excitement it pro- 
duced. 
The prisoner, of course, employed the very best counsel his 
ample means could procure, and so confident was he of their 
ability to get him off (though on what grounds I cannot 
imagine), that he had engaged to meet and entertain a party 
of friends at dinner, and had his carriage and pair waiting at 
the court-house to convey him to his home; but instead of this 
he was taken back to prison and to the condemned cell. 
Tawell was executed in front of the Aylesbury gaol, in the 
presence of perhaps the largest concourse of people, out of 
London, who ever witnessed the carrying out of the law’s last 
dread penalty— a penalty, in this instance, I think all who 
read this account will deem fully deserved. 
( To l)e continued.) 
ftotes attb Abstracts. 
Simple Mode of Tempering Glass.— A Leipsic journal 
gives a method which it asserts will prevent lamp chimneys 
from cracking. The treatment will not only render lamp 
chimneys, tumblers, and like articles more durable, but may 
be applied with advantage to crockery, stoneware, porcelain, 
&c. The chimneys, tumblers, &c., are put into a pot filled 
with cold water, to which some common table salt has been 
added. The water is well boiled over a fire, and then allowed 
to cool slowly. When the articles are taken out and washed 
they will be found to resist afterward any sudden changes of 
temperature. 
Paper for Silverware.— The Archiv der Pharmacie 
gives the following formula for making paper for wrapping up 
silver. Six parts of caustic soda are dissolved in water until 
the hydrometer marks 20 deg. Baume. To the solution add 
four parts of oxide of zinc, and boil until it is dissolved. Add 
sufficient water to bring the solution down to 10 deg. Baume. 
Paper or calico soaked in the solution and dried will effectually 
preserve the most highly polished silver articles from the 
tarnishing action of the sulphuretted hydrogen which is con- 
tained in such notable quantities in the atmosphere of all 
large towns. 
Twin Half-Brothers.— Dr. J. G. Earnest, of Newman, 
Ga., reports the following unique case in the College- and 
Clinical Record.lbth July, 1881 : — Amelia, a coal-black negress, 
aged about forty years, was confined 20th November, 1880, 
giving birth to twins— one a very bright mulatto, the other 
perfectly black. The black child was born first, according to 
the midwife’s statement. The mother states that the children 
were begotten the same night, a negro man having inter- 
course with her first, and the white man about an hour 
afterward. 
SOME REMARKS UPON MODERN PHARMAOEUTIOAL 
STUDY. 
(By II. J. Moller.) 
( From Pharmaceutical Journal. ) 
Greece. 
The pharmaceutical course in Greece resembles that of Italy 
in many respects. The following communications I have 
obtained through a correspondence with Professor Xavier 
Landerer, of Athens, who formerly was pharmacist to the king 
and from 1835 to 1868 was a teacher of the Greek pharma- 
ceutical students. 
In the year 1837 the university in Athens and the pharma- 
ceutical school therewith connected were established, and from 
1837 to 1868 it was required that the student should have 
reached the third class* of the classical school. Then he was 
two years in a pharmacy as an apprentice ( [MadrjTifjs roti 
(pap/MKelov'), and afterwards he studied at the university for 
two years more, following the lectures at the pharmaceutical 
school in chemistry, pharmacy, materia medica, toxicology, 
botany and physics. After this he served as an assistant 
( BoTjdos ) for at least a year, and then passed a final and prac- 
tical examination. 
These rules were changed in the year 1868. The above- 
mentioned “ absolutorial” examination is now required before 
entrance upon the study of pharmacy, and the student com- 
mences immediately to follow the lectures at the university, 
without any foregoing practical education. Having studied 
for three years at the university, he spends a year in a pharmacy 
and then passes the “ Major.” This is quite the same as that 
demanded of the Italian “farmacista,” and I will, therefore, 
not tire the reader with a repetition of the whole plan of study, 
but will refer him to the plan A, given in my remarks on 
Italy. 
Professor X. Landerer, who is himself a German, says in one 
of his letters to me, that he considers the present standard of 
Greek pharmaceutical examinations to be quite as high as that 
of the corresponding ones in Germany. 
Belgium. 
The pharmacy of this country has, as so many other things in 
Belgium, a French form. On a journey in the spring of 1880 
I had opportunity to notice this myself, and to collect a part 
of the following notes, which I have made more complete 
through a correspondence with Professor A. Herlant, teacher 
in materia medica at the pharmaceutical institution in 
Brussels. 
In Belgium pharmaceutical study is made at four special 
pharmaceutical institutes, which are connected with the four 
Belgian universities in Brussels, Ghent, Louvain, and 
Liege. 
According to the “reglement organique pour la collation 
des grades academiques de l’universite libre de Bruxelles,” 
which I obtained at the questorship of the University of 
Brussels, the requirements at the pharmaceutical examinations 
are fixed by Articles 16 and 17 of the law of 20th May, 1876, 
as follows : — 
“(a) The ‘candidaturef en pharmacie’ requires only one 
examination, which embraces the elements of physics, general 
chemistry, general and medical botany, mineralogy, and 
geology, and also a practical test in chemistry. 
“ (b) The degree of ‘ pharmacien ’ ( i.e ., the ‘Major’) 
requires also one examination, but this may be divided in two 
successive parts if the candidate prefers. The first part 
embraces the elements of analytical and toxicological 
chemistry, drugs, posology, and theoretical and practical 
pharmacy. The second part includes : — (1) Two chemical 
preparations; (2) Two ‘galenical’ preparations; (3) A quali- 
tative analysis ; (4) A toxicological research (under this also 
quantitative analysis); (5) An analysis of a remedy and the 
determination of possible adulteration (by means of chemical 
and microscopical research); (6) An especial microscopical 
analysis (of a mixture of different sorts of flour, powder, &c., 
or of the micrographic characters of a drug).” 
After the apprenticeship in a pharmacy, the young man 
studies two years at the pharmaceutical institutes before he 
passes the examination for the “candidature en pharmacie,” 
and then two years more before the examination for the title 
of “pharmacien.” In the first two years the students are 
matriculated at the “ facultd des sciences,” in the last two 
years at the “faculte de mSdecine.” The pharmaceutical 
study at the university thus lasts in all four years ; in the last 
two years the students are instructed in applied micrography. 
When the diploma as “pharmacien” is obtained, the success- 
ful candidate may establish himself when and where he will. 
By this short communication one can see that pharmaceutical 
study in Belgium is very well arranged. 
(To be continued.) 
* The third class is the highest, but the final examination of this class 
(the so-called “ absolutorial” examination) was not formerly demanded. 
This “ absolutorial” examination corresponds thus to the German “ Matu- 
rities priifung,” and the French “ baccalaurdat.” 
tThis degree gives the possessor the right to he an assistant only, and 
thus corresponds to the German “ GehUlfe.” 
