December, 1882. 
THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST. 
67 
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 
The questions for the examination held on the 7th December, 
1882, were as follows : — 
Time allowed — Three hours for the three subjects. 
LATIN. 
(a) Translation and grammar, Csesar, De Bello Gallico, 
Book I. 
(b) Translation of simple sentences from English into Latin. 
1. Translate closely and literally : — 
(a) Compluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est 
citerioris provincial extremum, in fines Vocontiorum 
ulterioris provincial die septimo pervenit , inde in 
Allobrogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos 
exercitum ducit, 
(&) Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet ; quae in 
eo reprehendat , ostendit, quae ipse intelligat, quae 
civitas qutratur, proponit ; monet ut in reliquum 
tempus suspiciones vitet ; prceterita se Divitiaco fratri 
condonare dicit. 
Parse the words underlined in above extracts. N.B. — In 
parsing noun or adjective, give case, number, gender, and 
nominative and genitive case ; in parsing verbs, give person, 
number, tense, mood, voice, and principal parts. All Latin 
words should be written out in full. 
2. Decline together — locus superior, commune periculum. 
3. Give the principal parts and meanings of — dono, utor, 
mitto, cognosco, refero, speculor. 
4. Translate into Latin : — 
(a) Duringa 11 these days Ariovistus kept his men in the 
camp. 
(b) Both his wives perished in that battle. 
( c ) The fifth day from that day was appointed for a con- 
ference. 
ARITHMETIC. 
First four rules, simple and compound, vulgar and decimal 
fractions, and simple and compound proportion. British and 
metrical systems of weights and measures. 
1. Find the sum, difference, product, and quotient (dividing 
the greater by the less) of the numbers 54,989 and 618,415. 
2. Multiply £19 18s. llfd. by 45 ; and divide £39 18s, 7d. 
by 30J. 
3. Simplify (£ + f + f) (f - f). 
4. Simplify 
•5 x 18 — -3 x 4 
•25 .X 9 + '275 x *9* 
5. How many lbs. of sugar at 8d. per lb. should I get for 18 
lbs. of tea at 5s. 4d. per lb.? 
6. If £240 gain £16 in 16 months, what sum will gain 
£5 6s. 8d. in 8 months ? 
7. Write out avoirdupois weight. Reduce 20 ozs. apothe- 
caries’ weight to grains. 
8. ( a ) If the metre is equal to 39*371 inches, how many 
inches are there in a kilometre ? 
(b) The gramme is = 15*432 grains nearly. Find how 
many grammes there are in 1 lb. troy. 
N.B. — All the steps of the work should be neatly and clearly 
shown, and all results should be in their simplest form. 
ENGLISH— GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 
1. What is a proper noun ? Give three instances. 
2. Name the simple relatives used in English. Why are 
they so called ? 
3. Write out: — 
(a) Past indicative active verb il drive.” 
(b) Comparison of — well, fine, brightly. 
4. “ There a tide in the affairs of men, 
Which taken at the flood leads on to fortune.” 
(a) Parse the underlined words. 
( b ) Distinguish the sentences, and say what kind of sen- 
tences they are. 
5. Write a short piece of composition, with careful punctua- 
tion and penmanship, on — 
A Cricket Match ; or, The Value and Good Results of 
Perseverance. 
Evidence is brought forward in the British Medical Journal 
(p. 178) that the official solution of atropine of the British 
Pharmacopoeia is liable to produce glaucoma, and that a very 
much weaker solution would serve to produce mydriasis or 
dilatation of the pupil. Dr. Ringer is of opinion that a 
solution formed by diluting the Pharmacopoeia liquor with two or 
three hundred times its bulk of water would be sufficiently strong. 
Rotes atii) Abstracts. 
Concentrated Compound Infusion of Gentian. — The 
above is a preparation extensively used in England for extem- 
poraneously making the compound infusion of gentian of the 
British Pharmacopoeia . The concentration is not officinal , and 
is obtained in various ways, one of which is the following : — 
Gentian root ... 4£ lbs., avoirdupois. 
Dried orange peel 
Fresh lemon peel 
Cold water 
Alcohol 
Oil of lemon 
Oil of orange 
4-i 
9 
13 
1 
1 
1 
quarts (imperial), 
gallon „ 
drachm. 
Macerate the gentian and orange and lemon peel for fourteen 
days with the alcohol and water, with frequent agitation. 
Then express the liquid ; add to it the essential oil, shake 
well, and filter through paper. The result is a fine clear 
liquid, of pleasant flavour, and keeping well. One fluid drachm 
of it, mixed with seven fluid drachms of water, produces one 
fluid ounce of liquid possessing all the qualities of the officinal 
infusion. 
Orange Wine. — The oranges must be perfectly ripe. Peel 
them and cut them in halves, crosswise of the cells : squeeze 
into a tub. The press used must be so close that the seeds 
cannot pass into the mast. Add two pounds of white sugar 
to each gallon of sour orange juice, or one pound to each 
gallon of sweet orange juice ; and one quart of water to each 
gallon of the mixed sugar and juice. Close fermentation is 
necessary. The resultant wine is amber-coloured, and tastes 
like dry hock, with the orange aroma. Vinegar can be made 
from the refuse, and extract from the peels. 
Karlsbad Sprudel Salt, which was formerly very improperly 
prepared is now obtained by heating the spring water to 
boiling, filtering, evaporating, and saturating the residue 
with carbonic acid from the springs. The composition of the 
salt is as follows : — Sodium bicarbonate, 35 '95 ; lithium 
bicarbonate, *39 ; sodium sulphate, 42-03 ; potassium sulphate, 
3-25 ; sodium chloride, 18*16 ; sodium fluoride, *09 ; sodium 
borate, -07 ; silicic anhydride, *03 ; and ferric oxide, *01 part. 
One liter of sprudel water yields about 5J grams of salt. An 
artificial salt resembling the preceding is made, according to 
Professor Harnack, by mixing exsiccated. sodium sulphate 100 
parts, sodium bicarbonate 80 parts, and sodium chloride 40 
parts. — Phar. Centralh ., 1882, No. 21, p. 241. 
Professor J. E. De Vri, the celebrated Dutch quino- 
logist, obtained his diploma in pharmacy 6th June, 1832. On 
the semi-centennial anniversary thereof he received from the 
King of Holland the order of Knight of the Dutch Lion, and 
was presented, in the name of the pharmacists of the Nether- 
lands, with a silver statue of Hippocrates, placed upon a marble 
base, to which was attached a medal representing the goddess 
Insulinda leaning against a red cinchona tree. This was 
accompanied by a costly album, containing an address and 
the signatures of 322 pharmacists of the Netherlands. 
SOME REMARKS UPON MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL 
STUDY. 
(By H. J. Moller.) 
(From Pharmaceutical Journal.) 
France. 
My notes on the study of pharmacy in France I have myself 
collected from different journals, programmes, collections of 
laws, &c., in the BibliothSque Nationale here in Paris. I am 
highly indebted to Professor Planchon for the kindness with 
which he has given me all further information that I 
desired. 
France is the country possessing the largest number of 
special schools of pharmacy ; and pharmaceutical study is here 
so highly developed, that, so far as I can see, only Germany 
can compete with it. 
The most famous school of pharmacy in France is the Ecole 
superieure de pharmacie de Paris. The present school is 
situated in the Rue de l’Arbal&te, in the old Quartier Latin, 
and was founded as early as the sixteenth century by the 
pharmacist Nicolaus Houel, but was at first a very 
unimportant institution. In 1777 the school was much 
improved, and obtained fixed professors. At length Napoleon 
Bonaparte issued the law of Germinal 21, of the year XI 
( i.e ., 11th April, 1803), which ordered the establishment of 
three large 6coles sup§rieures de pharmacie in Paris, Strass- 
