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conseouence is knc-mi to have occurred was southern Io^a. In that area a 
thick ice sheet, persisting for several days, ^as reported to have caused a 
rrortality ranging from 50 percent to 90 percent in localities -here there 
was no protective layer of snow under the ice. A cold, ret spring largely 
prevented the incipient outbreak:. More or less continuous rains up to the 
latter part of June interfered *-ith irigration froir -inter cuarters and caused 
the death of great numbers of newly hatched first-brood bugs in small grains 
by drowning, their or plastering them with rrud. Except in a fe* - localities, 
fungous diseases v ere only a minor factor in reducing the outbreal:. Serious 
injury to small grains occurred in southeastern low?, and north- extern Illi- 
nois. 'Migrations from small grains to corn at harvest tine was also cuite 
general and severe in these areas and occurred to a more liTited extent in 
scattered localities of central Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Over most of 
the infested area, however, the^e migrations were net of suf: icient rragni- 
tude to warrant the construction of barriers.. Many of the bu r .s corrode ted 
their growth in the small grains or in the amole to th of 'foxtail in the 
grain stubble and migrated to corn by flight rather than on foot. Condi- 
tions during the summer '-ere fairly favorable to development of the second 
brood on corn and on foxtail growing in the corn in Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, 
and Indiana, and on the sorghums in central and eastern Oklahoma and east- 
ern Kansas. By fall, therefore, from moderate to abundant numbers of bugs 
'"ere going into hibernation in the Central States. Surve s in ITovember and 
December indicated moderately dangerous numbers, of bugs hibernating in cen- 
tral and eastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, central and northern Miss- 
ouri, northern Illinois, and parts of Indiana and Ohio, '-ith extremely large 
numbers again present in southeastern Io^a and west-central Illinois. 
(C. M. Packard, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S. D. A. ) 
HESSIAN FLY 
A striking instance of the rapidity with which the hessian fly can 
increase in two successive favorable seasons was seen in the fall of 1934 
and soring of 1935. It greatly increased in abundance throughout much of 
the winter-wheat belt in the interval between the 1934 and 1935 harvests. 
Injury to this year's crop occurred in varying degree from southeastern 
Kansas to central Pennsylvania, with the maximum in northern Indiana, where 
a field survey at harvest time indicated 50 percent or more of the wheat 
stems infested. (For a complete report see Insect Pest Survey Bull., Vol. 
15, no. 6, Sun. ) Notwithstanding the fact that most of the wheat ,_ as so^mi 
after the normally safe dates in the fall of 1935, weather conditions have 
continued to favor fly activity to the extent that this insect has been 
able to reproduce abundantly over rather large areas. Such reports as are 
available early in December indicate that the fly has been able to maintain 
itself in from moderate to abundant numbers from north-central Oklahoma 
'through southeastern Kansas, Missouri, southern Iova, southern Illinois, 
and much of Indiana, grading into very light infestations in Ohio rith some- 
what larger numbers indicated in western and central Pennsylvania and New 
York. The particular conditions allowing fly development in the fall were 
sufficient rains late in August and early in September to :ring up the vol- 
unteer wheat and cause an emergence of flies from the stubble to infest it. 
Additional rains the last of September and first of October induced pupa- 
tion among the new brood of flies maturing in volunteer wheat and further 
pupation in stubble, which culminated in an unusual emergence of adults the 
middle of October, Much wheat so to after the normally safe dates received 
infestation from these adults, the progeny of which appeared to be maturing 
