104 
The Ohio Naturalist. 
[Vol. X, No. b, 
south to north a gradual rise is observed. The Putnam Hill 
affords the best example being found at more points than any of 
the others. 
It lies at Howenstein at 1051, North Industry 1057, southwest 
Canton 1075, northwest Canton 1090, Worstler quarry 1120, Wer- 
ner quarry 1130, and at the Cement Plant at 1143. There is a 
fall therefore of 92 feet in this stratum from the latter place to 
Howenstein a distance of about 13 miles, or 7 feet per mile. The 
same is true of the Yanport which at Howenstein lies at 10S6, 
at Cement Plant at 1 180, and a fall of 94 feet or of 7 feet per mile. 
This is not the direction of the greatest dip, however, as will 
be seen later. 
EASTERN STARK COUNTY. 
Alliance. But few limestone outcrops have been found in the 
eastern part of the county. The region is deeply drift covered 
and the strata are concealed for the most part. Two outcrops 
and two well sections afford the only information at hand on these 
limestones in that part of the county, and of these the well sec- 
tions and one outcrop occur at Alliance. This city lies 10 miles 
east of the Cement Works mentioned above and the strata lie 
considerably lower at the former place than the latter. The Mid- 
dle Kittanning coal lies at 1132 feet above sea in the coal shaft 
near the city Stand Pipe. In a test well drilled by the city 
on West State Street it lies at 1040, and at the Ely shaft J mile 
southwest of the Transue- Williams Machine Shops it lies at 1 137 
above sea. The Lower Ivittanning coal was formerly mined near 
the above shops at 1100 above sea as nearly as could be deter- 
mined. A half mile north of the above shops and the same dis- 
tance west of the Alliance Cemetery a limestone outcrops on the 
Ellett farm at 1081 above sea. This is clearly the Vanport but it 
is closer to the Lower Kittanning coal than at Howenstein. The 
limestone is exposed in a pit near the Ellett barn and measures 
5 feet in thickness. No coal but 4 feet of fireclay immediately 
underlies this stratum, and is overlain by 2 to 3 feet of drift. It 
differs from any other outcrop of limestone found in that it is 
composed of numerous irregular layers ranging from a fraction of 
an inch to 4 or 5 inches in thickness. It lifts in broad pieces of a 
very irregular form, sometimes wedge shaped. The stone is 
very impure, many of the slabs being a sandstone rather than a 
limestone and the parting between the slabs is clay or sandy 
shale. Some layers contain fairly pure limestone of a light blue 
color and quite compact. The stratum presents an alternation 
of irregular bands of light blue and brown, the shale and sand- 
stone portions having the latter color. The stratum at this point 
seems to have been deposited in shallow water which was some- 
times quiet and clear and sometimes flowing and muddy thus 
