The Ohio Naturalist. 
[Vol. X, No. 5, 
1 06 
that village. At Howenstein the interval between the Putnam 
Hill and the Upper Mercer is 84 feet, at Alliance 66 feet and con- 
sidering the fact that the Lower Mercer is present at its usual 
interval it would seem that this difference of 22 feet could hardly 
be regarded as due to undulation. It is possible however that 
both the Mercer limestones were penetrated on a crest which 
would account in part for the difference. Otherwise a thinning 
of intermediate strata is the explanation. 
The Lower Mercer lies at 945 or 21 feet below the top of the 
Upper Mercer which is about its usual interval. It is recorded 
as 3 feet thick which accords quite well with its known thickness. 
In the first well at an elevation of 884 feet above sea another 
limestone was penetrated having a thickness of 5 feet. This is 
clearly a stranger as it lies 61 feet below the Lower Mercer. 
The second test well was drilled beside the city pumping sta- 
tion with the well head at 1044 above sea. The second well is 
nearly 2 miles north and \ mile east of the first. This distance 
would seem at first to forbid the combination of measurements 
given above. But certain facts indicate that it may be done with 
a fair degree of certainty. (1) The Middle Kittanning coal in the 
Ely shaft lies at 1137 and in the first well at 1140. These points 
are nearly 1 mile apart and the shaft a little west of north. 
This would indicate that the plane of this coal in this direction is 
nearly level. Mr. Ely states that the coal rises a few feet from 
the shaft which further indicates horizontality. (2) In the 
second test well a 5-foot limestone was penetrated at 882 feet 
above sea, in the first well at 884 above. (3) Near Myers Sta- 
tion on the Lake Erie, Alliance and Wheeling Railroad, 1 1 miles 
south of the Ely Mine the Middle Kittanning coal lies at 1130 
above sea, or a fall of 7 feet in 1 1 miles. From the first test well 
the fall is 10 feet in 10 miles. 
These data indicate that the strata at Alliance lie very nearly 
on a level from north to south. Therefore the strata may be 
counted practically level so far as these two wells are concerned, 
and the combination made as given above. 
Little more need be said of the second well. Sixty-eight feet 
of the top is drift and the bed rock is reached at 976 above sea, 
which is below the horizon of the Howenstein. The only other 
limestones to be expected are the Upper and Lower Mercer and 
these are present as noted above. The stranger is present also at 
63 below the Lower Mercer as already stated. Sixty feet below 
the top of this limestone lies a 2 foot coal which is apparently the 
Sharon coal. It lies 37 feet lower than coal No. 1 in the Mullin 
Mine at Deerfield which would indicate that it is the same coal. 
This limestone will be considered further in another connection. 
The second limestone outcrop in the eastern part of the county 
to be discussed occurs on the farm of Samuel Carr at a point 
