Mar., 1910.] 
Pennsylvanian Limestones. 
”5 
lower one being 5 inches. The two layers are a quite constant 
expression of this limestone throughout Mahoning County and 
wherever a good exposure of the entire thickness is seen this 
character is present. I. C. White in his report on Mercer Co., 
Pennsylvania, pointed out this feature, as noted in the first part 
of this paper. The most westerly point at which this feature 
has been observed in Mahoning County is at the fall on Little Mill 
Creek. The same character occurs at Shew’s Mill in Stark County. 
Lower Outcrop. On the middle branch of Meander Creek at a 
point about two-thirds of a mile southwest of the Diehl Creek 
outcrop and a short distance south of Mr. John Lower’s barn the 
Upper Mercer is exposed in a ravine and lies at 1040. The 
stratum is not well exposed but is about 2 feet in thickness and is 
overlain by 33 inches of coal which has been mined to a small 
extent. The subjacent strata were not seen. This point is 2 
miles southeastof Club Lake where the Upper Mercer Coal lies 
at 1037. These elevations indicate practically horizontal strata. 
The interval between the limestone and the coal at the lake is 
practically the same as that between the limestone on Diehl 
Creek and the limestone near the Lower bam. One would think 
dip must be counted but these elevations and measurements 
forbid it. 
Bingham Outcrop. One and one-fourth miles west of the 
Lower outcrop and three-fourths of a mile a little east of south 
of Club Lake on the farm of E. W. Bingham a limestone lies at 
1072 feet above sea. It is 15 to 18 inches thick and overlies a 
bed of coal which was formerly mined to a limited extent. This 
is 32 feet higher than the Upper Mercer and is certainly the 
Howenstein limestone. It lies 7 feet higher than the top of the 
heavy sandstone at Club Lake. North of the Bingham residence 
and on the farm of C. E. Bowman a bed of coal lies a few feet 
above the top of this standsone and is undoubtedly the same 
coal as on the Bingham farm. 
Above the Howenstein limestone lies sandstone as seen in the 
hillside above the coal mine and in the roadway near the Bing- 
ham residence. Succeeding the massive sandstone a black coaly 
shale appears with its base at 1096 above sea. Mr. Bingham 
states that it is 13 feet thick and underlies much of the hill above 
the limestone and that it has been penetrated by drill in numer- 
ous places in the hope of finding a good bed of coal. A heavy 
coarse sandstone succeeds this shale to the top of the hill or to 
an elevation of about 1150. The structure of this hill from the 
limestone up is of much importance in the interpretation of the 
next outcrops to be noted. 
Unger Outcrop. On Meander Creek one-fourth mile south- 
west of the southwest corner of Canfield Township and on the 
Unger farm an outcrop of limestone occurs a few hundred yards 
