Mar., 1910.] 
Pennsylvanian Limestones. 
* 3 * 
Stark County but with less prominence. It is usually shaly or 
flaggy and soft, but occasionally it becomes fairly firm and mas- 
sive, yet nowhere showing the massiveness of the Homewood 
at Club Lake. 
7. The sixth and highest of these limestones is the Vanport 
named by Clapp in 1904 but well known previously as the Ferri- 
ferous limestone. This stratum enters Ohio at Lowellville with 
a thickness of 16 feet, but suddenly dies out westward. In 
central Mahoning County its coal thickens and becomes the w r ell 
known “Canfield Cannel Coal” but without its limestone cov- 
ering. In southwestern Mahoning County the Vanport reappears 
and is found at different points in considerable body at least as 
far westward as central Stark County. The outcrops of the 
Vanport and Putnam Hill overlap, and the two are sometimes 
present in the same section. This is particularly true in the 
vicinity of Middle Branch in Stark County where the Putnam Hill 
reaches its maximum development and with the Vanport above 
it in heavy body. Southward from this locality the Putnam 
Hill maintains a fairly heavy body but the Vanport again dies 
out at Canton and has only feeble expression in the southern 
part of the county. 
8. All of the limestones undulate and this occasionally be- 
comes very pronounced. Variation in the intervals between 
them is more often due to undulation than to a general thicken- 
ing or thinning of intermediate strata. 
9. The dip of the strata in the region covered is decidedly 
variable and a uniform dip of 15 to 20 feet per mile toward the 
southeast is untenable. The variation appears to be due to low 
folds one of which seems to extend through western Columbiana 
County and through central Mahoning County, and with the 
crest in the vicinity of the village of Canfield. A second fold is 
thought to extend through the western part of Stark County 
and with the crest to the west of Canton. 
TABLE OF OUTCROPS AND ELEVATIONS. 
For convenience of reference the various outcrops and places 
at which limestone occurs with the identification and elevation 
are given in tabular form. In a few instances the limestone is 
absent, but its horizon is clearly marked by fireclay or coal, or 
both. 
