Feb., 1911.] Literature on Geology of South America. 
279 
of graywacke, sandstone, quartzite and shale with a subordinate 
amount of limestone. 
In the Falkland Islands at Cerro del Fuerto the Devonian 
rests conformably on the Silurian and consists chiefly of micaceous 
red sandstones. 27 
The fauna of South America is closely related to that of 
North America. This is shown, especially, by the presence of 
such forms as Chonetes coronatus and Tropidoleptus carinatus in 
the lower Devonian, which occur later in the Hamilton of North 
America. 
Carboniferous and Permian. The Carboniferous formations 
are apparently more restricted in South America than the Devo- 
nian, but occur in the same general regions. 
The Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) is made up, in large 
part, of non-fossiliferous sandstones. The Upper Carboniferous 
(Pennsylvanian) is largely marine and contains representatives of 
widely distributed brachiopods and gastropods. Fusulina lime- 
stones occur in Pern, Bolivia and Brazil. 2 * 
In the lower Amazon region Carboniferous strata (probably 
both Mississippian and Pennsylvanian) are well exposed. These 
beds seem to be unconformable on the older formations 29 but dip 
with them into the Amazon embayment. Along the Rio Tapajoz, 
north of Itaituba in the province of Para, the system is composed 
of green shales at the bottom which are followed above by coarse 
black shales with numerous concretions (septaria). These shales 
are succeeded by laminated green, white, and red arenaceous 
shales and sandstones and capped by more than 60 feet of 
limestone. 30 
In the provinces of Parana and Santa Catharina, southern 
Brazil, the Carboniferous rests unconformably on the Devonian, 
or sometimes on the granite itself. In the lower part is a coarse 
conglomerate, but from this upward the succession is continuous 
through the Trias without any great unconformities. I. C. White 
includes the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic in the Santa 
Catharina system. 31 His classification of the former two is as 
follows : 
27. Thomas, Ivor, loc. cit. , p. 244. 
28. Steinman, Gustav, Amer. Nat. ,Vol. XXV, 1891, p. 856. 
29. Kavser, Emanuel, Lehrbuch der Geologie, 3d Ed., Vol. II, 1908, 
p. 238. 
30. Hartt, C. F., Bull. Cornell Univ., Vol. I, No. 1, 1874, p. 29. 
31. Commissao de Estudos das Minas de Carvao de Pedra do Brazil. 
Relatorio Final, 1908, p. 33. 
