Jnue, 1911.] 
Pollination Notes. 
379 
erence to various structures of some of the Cedar Point plants 
upon which insect-visitors were collected. Most of the insects 
observed were members of the following orders, namely: Diptera, 
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. 
We will now take up a consideration of some of the character- 
istics of a few of the summer-blooming plants of Cedar Point and 
note some of their insect-visitors. These studies were carried on 
under the direction of Mr. O. E. Jennings, Instructor in Ecology 
during the term of 1910. 
Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family). 
“The large floating flowers are protected from creeping ani- 
mals by their aquatic habitat, and are only accessible to flying 
insects. The inner side of the sepals is colored like the petals, so 
that both whorls are conspicuous. A more or less distinct odor 
of honey also serves as a further attraction to insects.” 2 
Castalia tuberosa. “The faintly odorous large white flowers 
which open in the morning and close towards evening are homo- 
gam ous, according to observations. Kemer states that the 
stigmatic papillae are mature at the beginning of antithesis, 
remaining receptive for several days. The anthers dehisce a day 
— or rarely a few days — later. The filaments bend into the form 
of a sickle, so as to bring the anthers above the stigmas, which 
spread out into a plate-like surface so that self-pollination must 
result from the falling of pollen. Insect visitors may effect either 
cross- or self-pollination, but they are few in number.” 3 
Visitors: Diptera; Eristalis flavipes. 
Nymphaea advena. This water lily also may be self- or cross- 
pollinated. The visitors taken are as follows: 
Visitors: Diptera; .1 Icsograpta marginata; Coleoptera; Dona- 
cia pusilla. 
Nelumbo lutea. Sprengel says: “The increased size and yel- 
low color of the upper surface of the sepals have taken on the 
function of the corolla, and the under sides of the petals secrete 
honey” which serves to attract insects. 
Visitors: Diptera; Allograpta obliqua, Eristalis tenax, Meso- 
grapta marginata; Coleoptera; Disonyca penn- 
sylvanica, Diabrotica 12-punctata; Hymenoptera; 
Microbembex monodonta, Agapostemon radiatus. 
Malvaceae (Mallow Family). 
Hibiscus moscheutos. This plant is quite conspicuous on the 
edge of the marsh and with its pink or whitish color and its abund- 
ance of pollen proves attractive to certain insects. Insect vis- 
itors are essential to pollination since the stigma is slightly above 
2 Op. cit., II. 59. 
3 Op. cit., II. 59. 
