400 
The Ohio Naturalist. 
[Vol. XII, No. 1, 
The only particular enemy noted is a small Ichneumonid 
parasite ( Bassus sp.) which oviposits through the skin of the larva. 
The parasitic larva does not prevent the formation of a more or less 
complete puparium, but emerges as adult about four weeks after 
pupation of host by gnawing a small irregular hole in the anterior 
end of the puparium (see Fig. 36). The first indication of the 
presence of the parasite is usually a failure of the pupal envelope 
to inflate completely, remaining less rounded up dorsally and often 
with the anterior segments but little retracted ventrally. Very 
soon the pupa becomes darker in color than normal, in this species 
becoming purplish instead of testaceous brown. These char- 
acters should be easily told and one with a very little experience 
might do great good by destroying all such parasitized pupae 
before the hymenopteron has time to emerge. 
Pupa. 
Dimensions, average of ten: Length 5.3 mm., height 2.2 mm., 
width 2.4 mm. Pupation takes place within the indurated 
larval skin which becomes inflated dorsally and anteriorly, 
retracted ventrally so that the mouth comes to lie well back on 
the ventral side. As seen from above (Fig. 27) the puparium is 
near oval in outline but with sides somewhat straightened and 
with the breathing appendages giving a more extended outline 
posteriorly. From in front the puparium is almost circular in 
outline. As seen from the side (Fig. 28), the ventruin is nearly 
straight, dipping down slightly anteriorly and posteriorly, thence 
rounding up strongly to the dorsum. In many specimens the 
anterior end of the larva has been more strongly retracted ventrally 
and the anterior and posterior ends more equally rounded up 
than is shown in Fig. 28. 
The color varies from brown-pink to darker sometimes with 
obliquely transverse banding of testaceous brown and blackish. 
The long segmental spines contrasted with the short-dorsals, 
or their apparent absence on the principal segments, and the 
short posterior respiratory appendage with its prominent spoon- 
shaped spurs at the end, dorsally, should serve easily to identify 
the species. 
Date of pupation: Columbus, June 6th and later; Lakeville, 
June 23 to 26; Sandusky, July 3 and later; Kelley’s Island, Lake 
Erie, July 8 to 13. The duration in the pupa stage was from 
5 to 15 days with the majority about 12 days. 
The pupae are to be found lodged and fastened among the 
flowers in the spike and the axils of the leaves, or on the upper 
side of the leaves of the host plant. They are stuck to the leaves 
by their posterior end. Protective coloration may be of some 
importance to the pupae as well as to the larvae. 
The adult emerges by pushing off a circular operculum from the 
anterior end of the pupa-case. 
