Dec., 1911.] 
The Classification of Plants, VII. 
4i5 
Synopsis. 
I. Carpels free or united, spiral or cyclic. 
1. Endosperm usually little or none; leaves mostly with 
stipules; carpels spiral or cyclic, often reduced to one, 
usually free or only slightly united, with a few evident 
exceptions. Rosales. 
2. Endosperm present and usually copious; leaves usually 
without stipules; carpels cyclic, free or united, some- 
times slightly epigynous. Saxifragales. 
II. Carpels united, cyclic. 
1. Hypanthium tubular or um-shaped, often constricted 
above and enclosing the ripe fruit; endosperm commonly 
little or none. Thymeleales. 
2. Receptacle developing a glandular, annular, or turgid 
disk which is somewhat united with the perianth or 
ovulary, endosperm present or none. Celastrales. 
3. Disk tumid, united with the perianth, sometimes reduced; 
endosperm usually none. Sapindales. 
AMENTIFERAE. 
Mostly trees or shrubs with hypogynous or perigvnous flowers, 
commonly in aments or ament -like clusters; flowers mostly 
apetalous or naked, generally monecious or diecious. 
Synopsis. 
I. Flowers not in typical aments, often in pendant heads or 
ament-like spikes or clusters; usually monosporangiate. 
1. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite. 
a. Stamens alternate with the petals (when present), 
or numerous; perianth sometimes none. Platanales. 
b. Stamens mostly 4, opposite the usually 4 sepals. 
(a) Calyx not petaloid. Urticales. 
(b) Calyx petaloid; stamens usually united with 
the sepals. Proteales. 
2. Leaves whorled, reduced to scales, ovulary unilocular 
with two ovules. Casuarinales. 
II. Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments, mono- 
sporangiate. 
1. Seeds not with a tuft of hairs, fruit a typical or modified 
nut, achene or samara; plants monecious or diecious. 
a. Fruit 2-or more-seeded, ovules with 1 integument. 
Balanopsidales. 
b. Fruit usually 1 seeded. Fagales. 
2. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end; several in the capsule; 
flowers diecious without perianth; leaves usually alter- 
nate. Salicales. 
