March, 1917 
THE GARDEN MAGAZINE 
90 
recent one Arenaria montana is called Moun- 
tain Sandwort, Sempervivum arenarium is 
Sand Houseleek, and Tigridia is Tiger- 
flower. What matters it that a certain 
spotted Mimulus is also called Tiger-flower? 
A newer name is Rockspray for Cotoneaster, 
and this is so good sounding and descriptive 
that it deserves favor. Some names now 
nearly forgotten are worthy of revival: Pearls 
of Spain for White Grape Hyacinth, Virgin’s 
Bower for Adlumia or a Clematis, Goldilocks 
for Helichrysum, and Rosaruby for Red 
Adonis. InQueen Elizabeth’s time Bachelor’s- 
buttons was applied to Ranunculus. 
One writer has said that certain plants were 
first bought because of the attractiveness of 
their names such as Stephandria flexuosa, 
Zea gracillima variegata, Euphorbia corollata, 
and Armeria formosa. The first attraction to 
others has come from their poetical associ- 
ations, as with Asphodel, Rue, Rosemary 
Spikenard, Lavender, and Amaranthus. Some 
names, on the other hand, seem to need 
changing, or at least translation. An example 
of this is the early annual Aster known 
in English as Queen-of-the-Market. It 
originated in France and was known there 
as Reine des Halles. This name was not 
particularly euphonius, and from a com- 
mercial point of view at least, the transla- 
tion helped (with English speaking people). 
Many good common names are derived from 
the Latin, as Paeony, Violet, Lily, Tulip and 
Rose. Genuine Anglo-Saxon names are such 
as Beech, Bramble, Yew, Holly, Ivy and Oak. 
Michaelmas Daisy and Christmas Rose derive 
a common name from the time of blooming; 
while Snapdragon, Monkshood, Snowdrop, 
Cockscomb, and Hartsfongue come from the 
appearance of some part of the plant. 
All will remember, in “Alice in Wonder- 
land,” where Alice, the White Rabbit, the 
Mouse and the Dodo fell into the water and 
then wondered how they would get dry. The 
Mouse says “I’ll make you dry enough. I’ll 
read a few pages of this English History, its 
the driest thing I know.” 
May we hope that no such comment may 
ever be made about plant names — and that 
they will always possess a vital human inter- 
est because of the associations and the beauty 
of the names themselves. Probably the plants 
do not need this additional attraction, but 
they deserve it. 
Where the Dwarf Fruit Tree Really Fits 
SAMUEL FRASER 
New York 
THE FRUIT GARDEN IN RELATION TO OTHER FEATURES— QUALITY OF CROP AND ECONOMY OF SPACE AS PRIME 
FACTORS— GARDEN VS. ORCHARD 
handle all the departments in a proper and 
orderly manner. Indeed, I used to work in 
such a place, and one of . the things that im- 
pressed me was the garden wall and the fruit 
trees thereon. The garden was used for other 
things besides fruit, but a great deal 
of skill and much thought had been 
put into the planning and develop- 
ment of this feature. 
This will serve as a goo„ illustra- 
tion of the fact that we must b 
prepared to do our own thinking, 
in developing our gardens to meet 
our own conditions: It is customar_ 
to locate the European garden so that it is well 
sheltered from the north and east, the idea 
being that the slope toward the south secures 
as much sun as possible. If we take this sug- 
gestion bodily we are apt to run into trouble, 
for our amount of sunshine is a very variable 
factor in different parts of the country and 
local conditions must be considered; for 
instance, in Western New York, at Ithaca, 
there are on the average about 86 bright days 
in the year and 186 cloudy, but so short a 
distance away as the Hudson River Valley, 
there are 186 bright days in the year. Since 
relatively speaking a great many of these 
bright days occur during the winter and 
the sun shines brightly on the frozen 
trunks of trees, we much more frequently 
see the injurious results of the so-called 
“winter injury” in the latter locality. 
It is recognized as good practice under 
the latter conditions to place a shingle 
upright on the south side of a fruit tree 
or to so place something that it will cast 
a shadow and prevent the sun’s rays 
striking the trunk direct, for the injury is 
most apparent on the lower part of the trunk; 
the branches tend to cast shadows and protect 
the upper part. This is one good reason for 
thejlow-heading of fruit trees in such a loca- 
tion. 
I very much doubt the advisability of ex- 
tensive planting of wind-breaks round a fruit 
garden. Would it not be better to plant on the 
windward side varieties least liable to be in- 
jured by winds? But if planting in the nature 
of a windbreak be made for its esthetic value, 
that’s another matter. 
A soil which is “kind ” and easy to work— 
a loam or sandy loam — is much more amena- 
ble than a clay, and if such can be secured it 
will suit a majority of fruit types. Pears and 
plums, however, do very well on the heavier 
soil types. Usually one must take the actual 
soil and by drainage (if it be wet), or h.y 
manuring and liming (if it be in poor condi- 
tion), render it workable. But if one can 
study the requirements of the plants which 
are to be set out and can locate them 
with the idea of furnishing the optimum con- 
ditions, the future management will be much 
easier. 
Among other things an adequate supply 
of water is necessary. Although we are 
long past the idea which formerly pre- 
vailed in English gardens that water was 
to be used in ample quantities for the pur- 
pose of washing the foliage in order to free 
the plants from aphis and other destruc- 
tive insects, yet the germ of truth which 
underlies that practice should not be lost, 
namely, that if we maintain the plant in 
the best possible conditions it will be in 
better shape to overcome the injurious 
effects of attacks by insects and disease. 
I T WOULD seem to be nothing but plain 
common sense that the site for a fruit 
garden be selected with regard to the 
welfare of the trees to be planted. Yet, 
too often the setting of .the garden is given 
preference to the welfare or requirements of 
the trees. In Europe gardening has been 
through a longer evolution than it has in 
America, and we may properly make use of 
some of the old world principles, though 
changing the detail. 
The gardens of a well equipped English 
estate to be in class A must embrace certain 
varied features: they are subdivided into de- 
partments, each under the management of 
one of the several foremen, and the whole 
administered by the Head Gardener who is 
looked up to and is expected to be able to 
It’s easy to pick 
the fruits from 
dwarf trees 
This dwarf apple, Bis- 
marck, planted Jin May at 
Amherst, Mass., bore four 
large fruits in October of 
the same year 
