The Anatomy of Ants. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart. 137 
opinions to show the difficulty of determining the true relations 
and functions of these complex organs. 
Savigny appears to have been the first who arrived at a correct 
view of them. More detailed accounts have subsequently been 
given, especially by Brants,* Meinert, t and Wolff, | while we are 
also indebted to Dr. Hermann Muller for excellent descriptions and 
figures, firstly, in a special memoir on the application of the 
Darwinian theory to bees, § and, secondly, in his admirable work 
on the fertilization of flowers by insects. || 
The description which Dr. Brants has given of the mouth and 
pharynx of the wasp coincides generally with what I have been 
able to observe in the ant. I am happy, moreover, to find myself 
generally in accord with the views and descriptions given by 
Meinert in his excellent memoir. His figures, however, give the 
various internal organs after removal from the body. I have, on 
the contrary, used principally thin sections taken from imbedded 
specimens.1I This mode of examination shows well the relative 
position of the various parts, and especially the arrangement of the 
muscles, so that I venture to hope that my observations may in 
some measure serve to supplement those of previous authors. 
The labium of Lasius jiavus is horny, and emarginate, though 
less so than in some other species of Formicidae ; as, for instance, in 
Formica rufa. In both these species the margin of the clypeus is 
entire, while in other species, as for instance in Atta barbara, it is 
toothed. 
The mandibles are strong, horny, and convex exteriorly. When 
seen in profile they show seven strong, blunt teeth — that is to say, 
in the workers. At the base is a pyriform gland. The mandibles 
differ in the different sexes, and in certain species, as for instance 
in Melissotarsus Beccarii, recently described by Emery, and in the 
remarkable genus Pheidole there are two classes of workers which 
differ in the form of the mandibles. 
The mandibles of the slave-making Poiyeryus rufescens are 
very unlike those of other Formicidae. They are generally de- 
scribed as toothless; the margins are, however, crenate. It is 
interesting that those of Strongylognathus, which is also a slave- 
making species, have a similar character. 
The maxillae of L. jiavus (Plate CLXXXIX., Figs. 1, 2, 3 mx ; 
Plate CXC., Fig. 1, mx), though not so strong as, are more 
* ‘Tydschrift voor Natuurlike Gesch. en Phys.,’ 1841. 
t ‘Danske Vid. Selskabs,’ IStil, p. 275. 
t ‘ Das riechorgan der Biene.’ V. Dr. O. J. B. Wolff, Nova Acta, Deut. 
Acad. Natur., 1874. 
§ ‘ Anwendung der Darwinschen Lelire auf Bienen. Verb. d. Naturhis. Vereins 
fur preuss. Rhienlde. u. Westfalen,’ 1872. 
|| ‘ Befruchtung der Blumen durck Insekten,’ 1875. 
I I am indebted for these preparations to Mr. E. J. Newton and Mr. C. 
Robertson. 
L 2 
