The Garden Magazine, August, 1920 
383 
though it is quite hardy, it is short lived. It grows rapidly 
here but rarely lives more than thirty or forty years. The 
same is true of the fastigiate Birch (Betula pendula var. 
fastigiata) which has a narrow crown of erect branches. In 
passing 1 may say that it is strange that among such a large 
tribe as the Birches, the common White Birch of Europe alone 
has sported distinct forms. 
Among the midsummer-flowering group of trees — the 
Lindens — there is one with upright branches. This is Tilia 
platvphyllos var. pvramidalis, a European tree whose branches 
taper from a broad base to a pointed apex, hence it is pyramidal 
rather than erect in habit. The European Elornbeam (Carpinus 
Betulus) has given rise to two forms of upright habit. One 
(var. globosa) in spite of its name is a very compact fastigiate 
plant though dwarf, while the other 
(var. pvramidalis) is well described 
by its varietal name. One of the 
most interesting of all fastigiate trees 
is the Dawyck Beech (Fagus sylvatica 
var.dawyckii). This remarkable form 
of the European Beech originated on 
the estate of my friend Mr. F. R. S. 
Balfour at Dawyck. Peebleshire, Scot- 
land, and is now 50 feet tall. It is 
an old tree with dense, quite upright 
branches and is a striking contrast to 
the type. The propagation of this 
fastigiate Beech has recently been 
taken up by European nurserymen 
and young plants in the Arnold Arbo- 
retum are doing well. 
The European Crataegus mon- 
ogyna, a Hawthorn, has produced two 
varieties with upright branches. One 
(var. stricta) is a tree with a broad 
crown, bearing dull red fruit; the 
other (var. monumentalis), a recent 
acquisition to our collection, is a nar- 
row and strictly pyramidal plant. In 
some European nurseries a fastigiate 
form of the Horsechesnut (Aesculus 
Hippocastanum var. pyramidalis) is 
grown but 1 have not seen this. 
Besides the Lombardy there are 
two other Poplars that have erect, 
branches. One of these is Populus 
alba var. pyramidalis (better known 
as P. Bolleana), a form of the White 
Poplar native of central Asia which 
was introduced into Europe and this 
country about forty years ago. In 
habit it is as fastigiate as the Lom- 
bardy Poplar and exhibits much vari- 
ation in shape of leaves, which are 
white on the underside. The other is 
P. thevestina, and though in habit 
and foliage it is similar to the Lom- 
bardy, its bark is nearly white. This 
tree grows in Serbia, the Crimea and 
in Algiers; and in the Arnold Arbo- 
retum it has made rapid growth and 
proved quite hardy. 
Among Conifers of the type of 
growth under consideration Pinus 
Strobus var. fastigiata is destined to 
be of great importance. The original 
tree was discovered about 1895 in a 
garden at Lenox Mass., and the trees 
now growing in the Arnold Arboretum 
are grafts from this. It has compact, 
ascending branches forming a conical 
crown, and it ought to be widely propagated by nursery- 
men so that garden-lovers may possess this lovely tree. The 
Scotch Pine (P. sylvestris) has many seminal and geographical 
forms and among them one (var. pyramidalis) of fastigiate 
habit. Of the Norway Spruce (Picea Abies or P. excelsa) a 
great number of abnormal forms are known, and among them 
at least two (var. columnaris and var. pyramidalis) with erect 
branches. The parents of these are said to have been found 
wild in the European forests. 
One of the loveliest of hardy pyramidal Conifers is Douglas’ 
Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis var. pyramidalis), sold by many 
American nurserymen under the name of Thuja occidentalis 
pyramidalis Douglasii. It is a tall, narrow plant of rich green 
hue, and was raised some time before 1855 by Robert Douglas 
OF TRUE SPIRE FORM IS THE DISTINCTLY WORTH WHILE UPRIGHT GINKGO 
This splendid specimen of the Maiden-hair tree (Ginkgo biloba var. fastigiata) 
growing in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, beside the Horticultural Hall, where it 
has grown since the Centennial of 1876, boasts a girth of four and a half feet 
