Wel].-tlllcd fields r;ere nt first free of hopi'ors. Ther^e spotted, very dense irv- 
feGt':itir:ns spread ovo:' a wide territory ndjacont to their orLrinal hatching 
gror;.nd. One quartor Eoctioii of soodlin,^" alfalfa in this area had a population 
of 2^0 per square yrrd over the entire field. These hoppers could have con- 
suned all of the grain in 8 cr 10 sections. 
In iDoth the Huron and Winner nreas of South Dakota many of the grassy 
headlands suita^nle for egg deposition of Molanoplu s ^_ different ialis, and M, 
1" ivitt 'itus had "ueen covered "by "blu^'m soil c^nd changed to huninocks of sandy loan 
covered '.vith Euspian-thistle, This condition t'as 7.'ell suited for the egg deposi- 
tion of U, ncxicanu s. and in those jjlaces t'lis species liatched in considerahlc 
nunbers. An environincntal factor suitable to certcin species had "been changed to 
one suitable for another. The fact that gras;-,hopj)ers •■<rc inportant factors in 
soil iDlo'-'ing in South Dakota is now generally recognized. Most of the grain- 
fields destroyed in the eiiit co^Jiitios in South Dakota started blowing as soon 
as the hoppers Lad taken off the grain. 
There war a period of cold, rainy v>.'cather dtiring the first 3 '-veeks of 
June, This rot.:-,rded the nyinphal development, and in north^ern Iowa, northern 
Montana, northern and northeastern Wyoning, .nnd elsevrhere destroyed from 25 to 
percent of the nev;ly hatched nymphs. It also delayed and seriously interfered 
with the b)aiting prograMS, Considera.ble oait v.-n,s wasted "by distribution under 
unfavoraole conditions, For exai.iple, in one orea farners were spreading "oait at 
^ a,n, , when the air teinperature did not reach JO^ F, ^ontll 10 or 11 a,r.. This 
allowerl the "bait to dry out "before the hoppers were ready to eat it. During such 
unfavorahle conditions for "baiting, there is still a graduc?l spread from the 
hatching areas without the opportunity tc check it. Prolonged hatching figgravates 
the situation "cy increasing the nunbier of "bait applic;itions necess'^^y and odds a 
discouraging note to the whole program. In sone instances first-instar individual 
of Mola:ioplus noxlcarAis v;orG found together in the sane field with the gravid 
fonales. 
The firrt record of adults was received fron southwestern Oklahcna -.vhcre 
50 percent of Melanoylus , noxieanus ^:ere adult hy May 22, Oviposit ion "by this 
species sta.rted July 1 tuid a second generation oegan hatching July 20, with adults 
apporring again by Soptenoer 1, Egg deposition by this second generation began 
on Soptonher 20 and co:itinued into Novenber, In nany localities in South Dakota, 
Nchr-iska, Kansas, Oklalicna, Missouri, loAva, and other States this second genera- 
tion occurred in numbers of 15 to 100 per square yard in nlfalfa, stuhble, and 
along field margins. These infestations actually developed into secondary out- 
hreaks heing espf^cially injurious to newly sown winter wheat .and necessitating 
control measures to protect crops. The State of Nebjr.aska, recognizing this con- 
dition and desiring to protect crops fro.n this second generation, went so far as 
to add 25 percent to the quantity of "bait estimated from the fall egg survey as 
needed for control in 1938, 
By June 20 a fe^' adults of .le lancpltr "civittatu s were present, together 
with all ins tars. At this time M. different i alis and M. femur- rub' rum wore still 
in the first three ins tars. MelanoT'lus bivitta'-.us st.-^xtcd ovipositing after July 
15 and M. different ialis ?'.bout September 1, , Iron then on until the middle of 
ITovemoer, there --as o.n almost continuously favorable period for egg deposition in 
m.ost of the infested region. There v/as also plenty of green food for the develop^- 
ment of eggs within the fcm.ales. 
