Pinaceae. 5 
main arms are spreading, and themselves often two feet thick. The 
green leaves are thick, broad, and leathery, and have no resemblance 
to the needles of pines of the northern hemisphere. The bark of the 
Kauri abounds in resin, which exudes from the slightest wound. The 
young leaves are flat and narrow, while the mature ones are much 
shorter and more closely set. The male and female flowers are 
borne on the same tree, but in separate cones ; the male catkins are 
cylindrical and appear in the axils of the leaves, the scales are really 
anthers or pollen sacs. The female cone is at the end of the branch, 
and carries on the upper surface of each scale a single ovule. In fruit 
the cone is almost spherical in outline and about three inches in 
diameter. Gigantic specimens can be found in New Zealand with 
trunks of twenty-four feet in diameter with an estimated age of 
four thousand years. 
The Kauri, which wasl also termed Coivrie Spruce when first in- 
troduced into England, is remarkable for its soundness of timber, 
and no tree is known to retain its timber in a good condition so 
long after the greatest rate of growth has been passed. 
In New Zealand several varieties are distinguished, such as 
Red Kauri, White Kauri, Black Kauri and Soft Kauri. 
Red and White Kauri can be taken from the same tree ; the for- 
mer from the heartwood, which is much denser, the white from next 
the sapwood. 
The timber is yellowish white, straight in grain, clean and of a 
silky aspect, of great strength and elasticity. Kauri logs which had 
been lying in the forest for over forty years were found to be per- 
fectly sound after the vegetation with which they were completely 
overgrown was removed. 
It is a lowland tree and becomes scarce at elevations over one 
thousand feet in New Zealand. In Honolulu the Kauri pine may 
be found in various residential grounds, the largest one in Mrs. 
Foster's premises on Nuuanu Avenue. Specimens may be found in 
the grounds of the Board of Agriculture on King Street and in the 
premises of the Spreckels home on Punahou Street. It was prob- 
ably first introduced by Dr. Hillebrand. 
All parts of the tree are charged with resin, which is at first 
colorless turpentine but solidifies when coming in contact with the 
atmosphere. This resin is known as Kauri gum. However, the 
resin which reaches the market is not derived from fresh resin se- 
cured by wounding the trees, but from fossil resin dug up from 
territories which were once covered by Kauri forests, this fossil resin 
is of a rich brown color, while fresh resin is dull white. It is found 
