11 
may all be found in more detail in other portions of this 
Report, but are here summarized : 
The opening around the tree should be of standard 
size — four feet by three feet. 
The earth in the opening should not be dry and caked, 
but should be loose enough to admit air and water easily. 
If this ground is covered with grass, the sod should be open 
near to and surrounding the trunk. 
The rain which falls on the sidewalk should in part 
reach the opening and should not be diverted by little 
channels or irregularities of the pavement so that it runs 
over the curb into the gutter. 
The tree should be protected by a roomy tree-guard at 
least six feet high, not embracing it too closely and not 
chafing it when the wind blows. 
The tree should be guarded against borers, which may 
be recognized by little holes in the trunk, at the openings 
of which sawdust appears. They are most common from 
April to November. 
The trunk and branches should be cleared of cocoons, 
egg masses, larvae, caterpillars, beetles, scale, etc. 
The tree should be pruned of dead wood hy an expert, 
supplied by the Commission. Careless or ignorant prun- 
ing puts a tree back for years and may injure it so that 
it will never recover its health. 
The tree should stand straight and erect (perpendicu- 
lar), and this should, of course, be looked after most 
carefully while it is young. If there are scars or cavities, 
these should be cleansed and painted or filled with cement 
to prevent decay. 
The tree should remain green and in full leaf to the 
middle of October. 
Additional nourishment supplied to the tree by digging 
in wood ashes, ground bone or well rotted manure will 
