42 
return is nearly double the figures given. The auuual cost of caring 
for an acre of vineyard and marketing the crop depends upon many 
conditions, but is estimated at from -$20.00 to $23.00. The cost 
of developing an acre of grapes, including the expense of plants, 
trellis and care until the first crop is cut will depend upon a still 
greater set of conditions. Various estimates have been made, rang- 
ing from $75 to $100. These estimates include items of labor which 
the vineyardist supplies without a direct outlay of money. 
DISEASES OF THE GRAPE. 
Twenty years ago the grape grower was very little concerned 
about diseases affecting the grape. This is no indication, however, 
that no disease existed. On the contrary, as early as 1865, A. S. 
Fuller wrote of the black rot and mildew: "The diseases to which 
the grape is subject in this country are not numerous or very de- 
structive, except in some particular localities, and these are con- 
fined mainly to the fruit." "Probably the most destructive disease 
known to affect the native grape is the black rot. This is the great 
scourge in the Western states." It is no longer confined to the 
Western states, but is making serious inroads upon vineyards of 
Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. 
There are four fungous diseases that are now causing losses in 
vineyards. They are commonly known as Black Rot, Anthracnose, 
Downy Mildew and Powdery Mildew. Every grape grower should 
acquaint himself with the symptoms of these diseases, that upon 
their first appearance he may make preparation for their prompt 
treatment. AVhen a vineyardist, with a hundred acres in grapes, 
sees a fourth or a half of his crop destroyed by an insidious foe, he 
is not worthy of his business unless he promptly seeks to overcome 
that foe and protects the health of his vines and his own financial 
interests. In 1886, the United States Department of Agriculture 
made a careful examination of the fungous diseases of the grape 
and published information concerning the nature of the diseases and 
the most practical remedies for them. Such work has since been 
conducted by the State Experiment Stations to such an extent that 
a great measure of success may be expected by intelligently follow- 
ing the directions for treating fungous diseases. 
BLACK ROT. 
{Laestadia Bidwellii. ) 
Black rot is a disease but little known in Pennsylvania vineyards 
and less known to our grape growers. K has not yet established 
itself throughout the State so as to arouse general alarm. It has 
