54 
occasioned by leaf-hoppers only when they appear in immense num- 
bers. They are so small and feed by piercing leaves with a needle- 
like proboscis, sucking out the plant juices, but the plant does not 
suffer until thousands attack it at once. Such is the case when an 
outbreak occurs that seems to fill the air. The vines are greatly 
weakened, so that the fruit does not develop, and on account of in- 
jured foliage, the new wood does not mature properly, and the next 
season there is practically no fruit. 
Description . — This insect is about one-eighth of an inch long. The 
principal color is a light yellow, but the back and wings are variously 
marked with red. The young, known as nymphs* are light yellow 
only. The darker colors are acquired as they reach maturity, but 
particularly at the close of the season. There are no larval or pupal 
stages in this insect's life history. The eggs are laid on the under- 
side of leaves, but are very difficult to discover, particularly in varie- 
ties of grape like the Concord. Eggs are laid in June and July. 
They hatch in less than two weeks into nymphs or young "hoppers," 
and as such, resemble the adult insect, with the exception of being 
wingless. As they get older, wing-pads develop, and after moulting, 
they have the use of full-grown wings. These insects moult several 
times in the course of their development, and many white cast-off 
skins will be seen on the leaves among the living "hoppers." The 
adults hibernate in grass land and appear in the vineyard with warm 
weather in May. 
Remedies. — A moderate number of these insects will require no 
treatment, for the injury will be slight, but when they arrive in 
swarms it is difficult to find an easy remedy. The best insecticide 
for sucking insects is kerosene, but to be effectual it must touch the 
insect. This material is recommended to be used either as an emul- 
sion or a mechanical mixture. Twenty per cent, of oil will kill the 
insects, but will also kill the foliage of the vine, hence Prof. Rlinsjer- 
land used a 5 per cent, mixture to wet the "hoppers," and drive them 
to the ground, then turned a spray of 25 per cent, oil on them with 
very great success when treating the adults. When the nymphs are 
abundant a spray of kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap will kill 
all that are touched by it, therefore, it is essential that the spray 
nozzles are so directed that the under side of all the leaves receives 
the spray. 
THE GRAPE-VINE PHYLLOXERA. 
(Phylloxera vastatrix. ) 
This insect has caused greater losses in vineyards than all other 
insects combined, and from that point of view it should have been 
placed first up this list of insert enemies, but this bulletin is consid- 
