55 
ering grape culture from the standpoint of the Pennsylvanian. 
While the Phylloxera is found upon grapes in this State, it is of 
minor consequence, for although it is an American insect, it causes 
very little damage to the American varieties of grape. When it was 
carried to Europe and spread in the vineyards of the wine grape, 
then only did it acquire the reputation which it now has. The annual 
losses in France have been estimated to be millions of dollars, and 
the search for resistant vines on which to graft the European grape 
is now going on. 
The insect appears in two forms, one upon the foliage developing 
numerous galls upon the underside of the leaf. The Clinton and other 
smooth-leaved varieties are preferred. The other form exists upon 
the roots causing enlargements upon the rootlets about which they 
are feeding. It is this form which is doing the serious damage and is 
very difficult to control. 
Description . — The Phylloxera is a yellow louse not over one-six- 
teenth of an inch long with a piercing proboscis. It is a wingless 
insect in all stages except the migrating stage. The life cycle is in- 
teresting because of the different forms of the insect. The root 
form hibernates in the ground and in the spring lays a hundred or 
more eggs upon the rootlets. The young, hatching from these eggs 
are, like their mothers, wingless and sexless, and soon they them- 
selves begin to lay eggs. Several generations thus appear in a sea- 
son. In August a few insects appear with wings, the migrating 
form, and emerge from the ground to fly to new fields. Here a few 
eggs are laid in the cracks of the bark on old canes, and the genera- 
tion developing from them lays what are called the winter eggs. In 
the following spring these winter eggs hatch and the lice go to the 
young foliage and feed upon the upper side. The irritation occa- 
sioned by this act causes a green gall to form on the under side of 
the leaf just where a louse is feeding. The gall is hollow and open 
from the upper side of the leaf. In this gall are laid many eggs. 
From this time throughout the summer several generations of the 
wingless leaf forms succeed each other, each subsequent brood at- 
tacking younger leaves. At the approach of winter the young pass 
down the vines to the roots where they remain dormant until spring. 
It is at this point that we began the life cycle. It will be seen that 
two years are necessary to complete it. 
Remedy. — As already intimated, this insect never injures our 
grapes enough to demand remedial measures. But since it is pre- 
sent it is well to know what it is and how it is treated. We should 
Degin, by saying, it is very difficult to treat. It is better to avoid it. 
Carbon bisulphide is used with good effect by injecting the liquid into 
the soil about the roots. Not all soils are favorable to this treat- 
