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rhe kerosene sprayer is an essential piece of apparatus to be used 
for spraying kerosene mixed mechanically with water. This sprayer 
is especially fitted with two tanks, a small one for kerosene within 
a large one for water. The pump draws from both tanks according 
to a proportion, regulated by an index attachment and forces both 
liquids through the nozzles in a thoroughly mixed condition. Such 
a sprayer is used to spray no other insecticide or fungicide. 
Spraying Mixtures. — The formulae and methods of making the 
various solutions for spraying grapes are here given. The specific- 
use of each one will be found under the particular fungous disease 
or insect on subsequent pages. The fungicides are as follows: 
Bordeaux Mixture. — Copper sulphate, 4 tbs.; fresh lime (unslaked), 
4 lbs.; water, 25-50 gals. 
Dissolve copper sulphate in warm water in a wooden vessel and 
slake the lime in another vessel. After cooling, dilute each to 20 
gals., and when the lime has settled dip it into the sulphate of 
copper, making the mixture. A simple test of the safety of the 
mixture is made by dipping a knife-blade or bright spade into it. 
If copper is deposited on the bright steel, more lime should be added 
until the test shows no more deposition of copper. 
It is always best to make this mixture fresh for each spraying. 
Bordeaux mixture is the best fungicide known, and is the specific 
remedy for most fungous diseases of plants. Paris green, London 
purple or arsenate of lead may be used in connection with Bordeaux 
when insects are to be treated at the same time as the fungous pests. 
Soda Bordeaux. — Soda, 1 lb.; copper sulphate. 3 lbs.; stone lime. 
5 ozs.; water, 30 gals. 
Observe precautions given for making Bordeaux. This mixture 
is easily made, and is less likely to injure tender foliage than the 
regular Bordeaux. It is a comparatively clear liquid. 
Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. — Copper carbonate, 1 oz. ; am- 
monia, enough to dissolve the copper; water, 9 gals. 
The copper carbonate is best dissolved in large bottles, where it 
will keep indefinitely, and it should be diluted with water as re- 
quired. For the same purposes as Bordeaux mixture. 
Iron Sulphate and Sulphuric Acid Solution. — Water (hot), 100 
parts; iron sulphate, as much as the water will dissolve; sulphuric 
acid (commercial), 1 part. 
The solution should be prepared just before using. Add the acid 
to the crystals and then pour on the water. Apply to dormant 
grape-vines with sponge or brush. 
Copper Sulphate Solution. — Copper sulphate, 1 tb.; water, 15 gals. 
Dissolve the copper sulphate in the water, when it is ready for 
use. This shou'd never he applied to foliage, hut must he used he fore 
the huds hreolc. 
