28 
canes are tied to the lower wire making the new arms for the coming 
season. Thus each year the arms are renewed and it is this practice 
which gives the system its name. 
The Chautauqua System. — This system is commonly practiced in 
Erie county, Pennsylvania, and, in fact, throughout the Chautauqua 
grape belt. It consists of a trunk tied to the first wire (which is 
placed about 30 inches from the ground), and two permanent arms 
tied horizontally. From these, four to eight canes of a season's 
growth are tied upright to the upper wire. These canes are headed off 
at the height of the trellis. Each will have about five or six good 
buds, making an average of forty buds on a very strong vine. Such a 
vine of the Concord grape will bear from twenty to thirty pounds of 
fruit. Each year the pruning consist in cutting away all the wood 
above the permanent arms except the usual number of fresh canes 
for uprights as shown in Figure 10. 
These three systems of training may be found in the same vine- 
yards, especially where many varieties of grapes are grown; but more 
commonly a particular system is adopted and followed as closely as 
the condition of the vines will permit. There are other systems 
worthy of consideration, but space cannot be given here. One other 
is frequently met with and called 
The Umhrella System. — This is essentially a two-cane Kniffen Sys- 
tem, in which the young canes taken from the top of the upright 
trunk near the top wire are carried downward and tied to the lower 
wire in the position of two ribs of an umbrella, as shown iu 
Figure 11. 
Posts. — Where posts are used for supports, various methods of 
pruning are practiced. Commonly, a permanent trunk is tied to the 
stake, headed variously from three to five feet in height. This trunk 
supports spurs from which the fruit bearing canes proceed. The 
annual pruning consists in cutting away all the last season's growth 
to short spurs one, two or three buds long. Well-developed vines 
ma}' support ten such spurs of two or three buds each. 
PRUNING. 
The pruning of grapes has been incidentally treated under systems 
of training. The subject, however, deserves more specific treatment. 
As to the time for pruning, it may be said, that the operation may be 
safely performed at any time after the leaves have fallen until the 
sap begins to flow freely in the spring. The injury occasioned by the 
"bleeding" of the vine when it is pruned late is much less Iban is 
commonly feared. Nevertheless, in most cases, the pruning should 
be done in the late fall to leave tlie springtime open for more timely 
labor. No mailer v.lial system of (raining is followed, all weak wood 
must Vie removed mid the remainder adjusted to the ideal form of the 
