22 
Without a second crop, the ground way be worked both ways aud 
hand working is greatly reduced. 
During the second year of the vineyard the work is mainly a repiti- 
tion of that of the first season. In the spring the first pruning of 
the vines is called for. The canes made in the first summer are cut 
back to two or three joints. The weak canes are removed entirely, 
thus leaving but one to three spurs to a plant according to the 
strength or vigor of it. Any vacancies occuring at this season are to 
be supplied with new plants. 
In the spring of the third year it is necessary to put up the trellis. 
The vines are now large enough to need supports, and the style of 
trellis to be used must be determined. This matter is considered 
under the proper head later on. We confine our thought now to the 
cultivation of the ground. Regarding the vineyard as being well 
established, the annual tillage consists of the following operations: 
After the pruning is completed and the prunings disposed of, the 
ground in April or May is plowed. For this some vineyardists use 
a one-horse plow, others a two-horse plow and still others prefer a 
gang plow of four shares. At this plowing the ground is thrown 
from the vines. At the last working in August the plow is again 
used throwing the ground toward the vines. This affords some win 
ter protection. After the plowing in spring the surface is smoothed 
with a spring toothed harrow. The strip of ground in the row which 
cannot be broken with the plow is cut out with a horse-hoe. Two 
forms of this implement are in use, the Springfield grape-hoe and 
the Morgan grape-hoe. The former has a pair of wheels and the hoe 
articulates at the axle; the operator lifts the hoe into place by means 
of plow handles. The latter is more simple in construction. It 
has a small disk wheel which is operated by a handle and serves as 
a rudder to guide the hoe where it is wanted. 
After the general breaking of the ground in the spring with the 
plow and harrow, the cultivator is used frequently to keep the sur- 
face loose and kill the weeds until August. Many of the best vine 
yardists cultivate every ten days or two weeks. In August, as 
already stated, the grouud is plowed, throwing the furrow toward the 
vines. 
In practice, little is done with cover crops to improve the land. 
Crimson clover has been used experimentally and proved very sat- 
isfactory. If this is sown late in July with the last working, a fairly 
good stand may be made. It would be injured somewhat by the 
tramping of grape pickers in October, but the gain in soil improve- 
ment is ample reward for the expense of the seed and labor. 
Mr. Z. Rogers, a successful vineyardist of North East, Pa., with 
forty years' experience has, in recent years, concluded his summer 
