186 
WISCONSIN HORTICULTURE 
July, 1917 
spread blight, of which aphids are 
the most important. Bees should 
not be poisoned because the}* gather 
honey but lice and other insects can 
be destroyed. For the majority of 
these pests this can best be done by 
the use of nicotine sulphat (‘‘Black 
leaf 40”), 1 part to 1000 parts of 
water or other spray liquid. Com- 
bine the tobacco solution with the 
regular spring and summer sprays, 
or with water in case no other spray 
is desired. When used with water 
alone, add laundry soap, 2 pounds 
to 100 gallons. This greatly in- 
creases the spreading qualities and 
effectiveness of the remedy. 
10. Cooperate with all your 
neighbors in cleaning up old or- 
chards, inspecting and pruning. 
The tenth commandment is very 
important. Fire blight control is a 
matter for community, as well as 
individual, effort. 
Other Orchard Diseases. 
Fire blight is only one of sev- 
eral diseases with which the Wis- 
consin orchardist must contend. 
Do not confuse it with the fol- 
lowing troubles each of which re- 
quires different treatment. 
Apple scab. Black spot and 
cracking of fruit, spotting and 
curling of leaves. 
Spray with Bordeaux mixture or 
lime sulfur. 
Apple rust. Yellow spots kill- 
ing leaves. Worst on Wealthy. 
Starts as galls on red cedar and 
spreads from this to the apple. 
Destroy all read cedars near the 
orchard and do not plant Wealthy 
apples in regions where the red 
cedars cannot be exterminated. 
Winter injuries. Sun scald on 
the southwest side of the trunk or 
larger limbs of young trees is the 
commonest form. Crotch canker 
and crown rot are other kinds of 
winter injury. 
Whitewash or shade the south 
side of the trunk. Avoid over fer- 
tilization and late summer cultiva- 
tion. Use cover crops to mature 
wood in autumn. 
For detailed advice about these 
or any other orchard or crop pests 
write to College of Agriculture, 
University of Wisconsin, Madison. 
Defend Your Garden. 
L. G. Gentner 
Circular 82, Agr. Extension Serv- 
ice, Coll, of Agr. 
Insect pests always take a heavy 
toll out of garden crops. 
If you have spent your time and 
money in planting a garden you 
can ill afford, this year in particu- 
lar, to let your efforts be defeated 
by lack of control of insect pests. 
After the insects once become 
numerous on the plants, it takes 
but a short time for them to do a 
great deal of injury, especially on 
young plants. Keep them under 
control from the start. Every one 
that you miss early in the season 
will mean many more later on. 
As weeds furnish food and shel- 
ter for insects, one of the first 
things to do is to keep the garden 
free of them. 
Where the insects are only few in 
number or are so large as to be 
easily seen, they may be kept under 
control by hand picking and de- 
stroying. Of course, this will take 
quite a little time and labor. It is 
therefore, often less expensive and 
more effective to spray the plants. 
LEAD ARSENATE “GETS” CHEWING 
INSECTS 
To control insects that chew the 
leaves and eat the plants spray the 
plants with arsenate of lead, 2 
ounces (10 heaping teaspoons) of 
the powder to every gallon and a 
half of water ; or dust on the 
plants the powder “diluted with 3 
parts of air slaked lime or fine dust. 
Early morning is the best time to 
dust the plants for they are then 
wet with dew. Arsenate of lead is 
a deadly poison and care should be 
taken to keep it from children or 
animals. It is better to use than 
Paris green, because it sticks to the 
foliage better, is not so likely to 
burn the foliage, and is much 
cheaper, especially since the Avar 
has made Paris green very expen- 
sive. On plants with smooth 
leai’es, such as cabbage, a little soap 
should be added to the spray to 
make it stick and spread better. 
SPRAY LICE AVITH SOAP SOLUTION 
Plant lice may be controlled by 
spraying with a strong soap-solu- 
tion Avhich should be forced into 
the curled leaves and thoroughly 
coA'er the bugs. They are often 
found on the under sides of the 
leaves and on the tender shoots, 
causing them to curl up. Fish oil 
soap is best, but ordinary laundry 
soap may also be used in making 
the spraying solution. It may be 
made by adding one-half pound of 
the soap to every 4 gallons of Ava- 
ter. Tobacco sprays are very good, 
especially nicotine sulfate used at 
the rate of 1 part to 800 parts of 
Avater. 
POISON BRAN MASH FOR CUT WORMS 
To rid your garden of cutAVorms 
feed them on poisoned mash. They 
hide in the ground during the day, 
but come out at night and cut off 
young plants near the ground and 
also feed on the foliage. If one 
scatters poison bran mash 0A T er the 
ground seA-eral days before the 
plants appear or are set out, the 
Avorms in the soil feed on this and 
Avill be poisoned. The mash should 
be scattered in the early evening 
so that it Avill not dry out before 
the Avorms feed on it, and may be 
applied at any time during the 
season that the Avorms cause seri- 
