TREES AND SHRUBS. 
37« 
Both variabilis and magnifica require to be well pruned back 
in spring to ensure free flowering. Increased by cuttings of 
ripened shoots removed with a heel of the old wood attached 
and inserted in sandy soil in a cold frame in autumn. Nat. 
Ord. Loganiaceas, a family which contains many plants of a 
poisonous nature, including the Strychnine or Nux Vomica. 
Caesalpinia. — A hardy deciduous flowering shrub, a 
native of Japan, and a member of the Pea Order (Legumi- 
nosae)- C. japonica is the only species grown. The shrub is of 
spreading habit ; the stems grow 6ft. or so high, and are armed 
with hard, curved prickles ; the leaves are bipinnate and of a 
soft green colour ; and the flowers are yellow, with red filaments 
and anthers, and borne in drooping racemes in early summer. 
May be grown in any good ordinary soil against a south or 
south-west wall or fence, or as a bush in the shrubbery, or 
on a bank. Plant in autumn. Increased by layering in 
summer. 
Calluna (Heather or Ling). — C. vulgaris is a British 
shrubby plant which grows in immense quantities on moors, 
commons and open spaces. It belongs to the Heath family 
(Ericaceae). This species grows i to 3ft. high, and bears pink 
flowers in long spiky racemes in late summer. Of this there 
are several varieties : alba, white ; Alporti, crimson ; and flore 
pleno, double pink ; also silver and golden-leaved kinds. 
Argentea, the silver-leaved kind, has silvery foliage in summer, 
changing to scarlet in autumn ; and aurea has golden leaves in 
summer, changing to red in winter. The foregoing will thrive 
on stony banks or slopes, or on the margins of woodlands. 
Plant in autumn. Increased by seeds, cuttings, etc., as in 
the cases of Ericas (Heaths). 
Caragfana (Siberian Pea Tree). — Hardy deciduous 
flowering shrubs of somewhat straggly growth, and suitable 
only for growing on dry banks or in shrubberies in large 
gardens. They belong to the Pea order (Leguminosas). C. 
arborescens is a native of Siberia, bears yellow flowers, and 
grows about 12 to 15ft. high. C. frutescens has greenish- 
yellow flowers tinted with purple ; height a^ft. ; C. microphylla, 
yellow, 2ft. ; and C. spinosa, yellow, 6ft., with spiny stems, 
are the only others worthy of mention. Grow in ordinary soil 
and plant in autumn. All flower in May. Increased by seeds 
sown outdoors in April ; layers in summer, and choice kinds 
by grafting on C. arborescens in March. 
Carpentaria (Californian Mock Orange). — A half-hardy 
deciduous, flowering shrub, a native of California, and a mem- 
ber of the Saxifrage order (Saxifragarese'). The only species is 
