HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 431 
by cuttings inserted in a shady border in September ; by 
layering the branches in autumn ; and the dwarf box by divi- 
sion in autumn. 
Carpinus (Hornbeam). — The Hornbeam <C. Betulus) is a 
native deciduous tree, growing 30 or more feet high, and much 
utilised for forming hedges on account of its readily adapting 
itself to close cutting and trimming. It belongs to the Nat. 
Ord. Cupuliferae. There are several varieties of it, which are 
the only ones worth planting in the shrubbery or on the lawn. 
These are aurea variegata, golden-leaved ; incisa, cut-leaved ; 
quercifolia, oak-leaved ; and variegata, variegated. With 
regard to the use of Hornbeam as a hedge shrub, plant the 
shrubs 3ft. apart in autumn in deeply trenched soil, and cut 
the side shoots well back every autumn. Privet is sometimes 
planted alternately with the Hornbeam. Not suitable for 
chalky or light soils, only for heavy and damp ones. The 
common species is increased by seeds sown in autumn, and 
the others by grafting on the common kind in March. 
Carya (Hickory). — Hardy deciduous trees with walnut- 
like foliage, natives of N. America, and belonging to the 
Walnut order (Juglandaceae). Most of them are robust-growing 
trees and hence only adapted for large gardens. They have 
elegant pinnate foliage, which assumes a beautiful rich tint 
in autumn, and when they attain a fair size make highly 
ornamental trees on a lawn. There are many species, but 
those we are about to mention are the best for the average 
garden. C. alba (Shell Bark Hickory) has leaves i8in. long, 
and the tree grows up to 80ft. in height. C. amara (Bitter Nut 
or Swamp Hickory) is a handsome species ; height 50ft. C. 
olivaeformis (Pecan Nut) is of dwarfer growth, but otherwise 
similar to the last-named species ; height 30ft. C. tomentosa 
(Mocker Nut) has elegant foliage, which is tomentose when 
young and possesses a resinous fragrance. Height 60ft. All 
the foregoing species, when fully grown, bear edible nuts, 
but they rarely ripen sufficiently to be palatable. Those 
of C. amara are very bitter. The nuts of the Shell Bark 
Hickory are very delicious when properly ripened. Being 
natives of moist woods they naturally prefer a deep, rich and 
not too dry soil. Plant in autumn. Caryas are difficult trees 
to transplant, having only tap-roots in a young state. In- 
creased by nuts sown, if possible, where required to grow in 
autumn. 
Caryopteris. — C. Mastacanthus is a shrubby perennial, 
belonging to the Verbena order (Verbenaceae). It is a native 
of China, grows 2ft. high, has serrated downy or greyish 
foliage and purplish stems, and bears rich violet flowers in 
