THE FIGWORT FAMILY 65 
(4) Balm-leaved Figwort. (Scrophuteria Scorodonia.) — Scale-like stamen roundish, entire 
bracts leafy ; stem bluntly 4-angled, hairy ; leaves doubly scalloped, wrinkled, and 
hairy. 
Corolla with 4 equal lobes and only 4 stamens. 
Stem 4-angled. 
(5) *Yellow Figwort. (Scrophularia verndlis.) — Bracts all leaf-like ; leaves roundish, doubly 
scalloped, and hairy. 
1. Water Figwort. (Scrophul&ria aquat'ica. Linn.) — As just described. The flowers 
are about \ inch long, maroon to dull crimson, with the tube green, in opposite clusters up the stem 
(panicle) ; the imperfect scale-like stamen is roundish ; the upper bracts are small and narrow, 
while the lower ones are leaf-like ; the stem is 1^-5 feet high, stout, 4-angled, and winged ; and the 
leaves are oblong, smooth, scalloped (crenate), blunt, with winged stalks, the lower ones often 
heart-shaped (cordate) at the base. [ Plate 24. 
Common. By the sides of pools, streams, ditches, &c. ; in England and Ireland. July — 
September. Perennial. 
2. Shade Figwort. (Scrophul&ria al&ta. Gilib.) — A very similar species to the last, 
but having slightly smaller and fewer flowers in a looser cluster ; the imperfect scale-like stamen 
notched ; the bracts all leaf-like ; the stems more broadly winged ; and the leaves broader and 
pointed. ( Scrophularia umbrosa. Dumortier ; Scrophularia Ehrharti. Stevens .) 
Uncommon, local. In wet places ; in a few counties in England, and in a few parts of Scotland. 
August — September. Perennial. 
3. Knotted Figwort. (Scrophuldria noddsa. Linn.) — Another similar species to the 
Water Figwort (Scrophularia aquatica), but smaller, the flowers green and brown, the imperfect 
scale-like stamen slightly notched, the stem 2-3 feet high, sharply 4-angled but not winged, the 
leaves doubly toothed (serrate) and pointed, and the root thick and fleshy, with small knobs or 
tubers. 
Very common. In moist shady places ; generally distributed throughout England, Scotland, and 
Ireland. June — July. Perennial. 
4. Balm-leaved Figwort. (Scrophul&ria Scorodonia. Linn.)— Another similar 
species to the Water Figwort (Scrophularia aquatica), differing chiefly in its leafy bracts, its stem 
which is bluntly 4-angled and not winged, and in its downy leaves which are strongly and doubly 
scalloped (crenate) and wrinkled ; both stem and leaves are hairy. 
Rare. In moist shady places ; in Cornwall and Devon, Tralee in Co. Kerry, and the Channel 
Isles. July — August. Perennial. 
5. *Yellow Figwort. (Scrophularia vern&lis. Linn.)— Not a native. A very 
different species from the last four. The flowers are about f inch long, pale yellow, not lipped 
but with short equal lobes, and without the fifth imperfect stamen ; the bracts are all like leaves ; 
the stem is shorter, rarely more than 2 feet high, 4-angled but not winged ; the leaves are much 
rounder and coarsely and doubly scalloped ; the whole plant is of a bright pale green and is 
covered with gland-tipped hairs. 
Rare. In waste places and hedges ; an escape from cultivation occasionally found in England. 
April — June. Perennial. 
V. MUDWORT. (LIMOSEL'LA. Linn.) — Flowers very minute, white or pinkish, solitary, on 
stalks rising from the root (scapes). Calyx of 5 sepals, united into a tube and separating into 
VOL. II F 
