WILD FLOWERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
opposite, narrowly egg-shaped (ovate) or heart-shaped (cordate) and pointed. The calyx, stem, 
and leaves are all finely hairy. [ Plate 32. 
Rather rare. In woods and shady places, in the south and south-west of England. June. 
Perennial. 
III. BLACK HOREHOUND. (BALLOTA. Linn.) — Flowers small, in dense clusters in the 
axils of the leaves (false whorls). Calyx of 5 sepals united into a funnel-shaped tube and separating 
into 5 equal, prickly, spreading teeth, in foreign species often with 5 or even more smaller alternate 
teeth, inserted below the seedcase (inferior) ; corolla of 5 petals united into a tube and separating 
into 2 lips (bilabiate), the upper erect, arched, notched, and the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe being notched, inserted below the seedcase (hypogynous) ; stamens 4, in unequal pairs 
(didynamous) included in the upper lip of the corolla, each pair of anthers approaching one another, 
inserted on the corolla (epi-petalous) ; carpels 2, united into a 4-celled seedcase and a long style 
divided at the apex into 2 stigmas ; fruit of 4 little nuts (cocca). Hairy herbs with square stems 
and opposite leaves which are often heart-shaped (cordate). 
Black Horehound. (Balldta nigra. Linn.) — The only British species. As just 
described. The flowers are purplish-rose, in dense, rather 1 -sided clusters ; the calyx-teeth are 
broadly egg-shaped and shortly pointed ; the stems are 1-3 feet high ; and the leaves are stalked, 
egg-shaped (ovate) or heart-shaped (cordate), and coarsely toothed or scalloped. The whole 
plant is densely hairy, and has a disagreeable smell. \Plate 33. 
A similar plant is found in Northumberland and Herefordshire with narrower, long, pointed teeth, 
much softer hairs, and a pleasant scent, and is regarded as var. ruderalis. Koch, by Syme, and as 
a species — Ballota ruderalis. Sw. — by Babbington. 
Common. Under hedges and in waste places ; common throughout England, scarce in Scotland, 
and rare in Ireland. July — August. Perennial. 
IV. GERMANDER. (TEU'CRIUM. Linn.) — Flowers few in each cluster, usually all turned to 
one side of the stem. Calyx of 5 sepals united into a tube and separating into 5 teeth which are 
often arranged in 2 lips (bilabiate), inserted below the seedcase (inferior) ; corolla of 5 petals, 
united into a tube and spreading into a 5-lobed under lip, apparently without an upper lip ; as a 
matter of fact the upper lip is very short and is deeply lobed, the lobes following the direction of 
the lower lip so that the effect is that of no upper and a 5-lobed under lip ; stamens 4, in unequal 
pairs (didynamous), diverging and protruding (exserted), inserted on the corolla-tube (epi-petalous) ; 
carpels 2, united into a 4-celled seedcase and a long style divided at the apex into 2 stigmas ; fruit 
of 4 little nuts (cocca). Herbs or undershrubs of various habits with square stems and opposite 
leaves. 
Flowers 2-6 in clusters in the leaf-axils ; calyx-teeth equal. 
(1) Cut-leaved Germander. (Teu'crium Botrys.) — Flowers in distant clusters; calyx inflated ; 
leaves stalked, lobed to the midrib. 
(2) Water Germander. (Teu'crium Scor'dium.) — Flowers in distant clusters ; leaves stalkless, 
oblong. 
(3) Wall Germander. (Teu'crium Chamsedrys.) — Flowers crowded into a leafy, spike-like 
cluster ; leaves stalked, egg-shaped. 
Flowers in pairs in the axil of a small bract, crowded together in spike-like, i-sided clusters ; 
calyx 2 -lipped. 
(4) Wood-sage. (Teu'crium Scoroddnia.) — Flowers pale yellow. 
