THE DEAD-NETTLE FAMILY 
and less lobed higher up the stem, till those containing the flower-clusters are narrow, 3-lobed 
or nearly entire. 
Rare. In hedges and waste places ; naturalised in several parts of England, Scotland, and 
Ireland. July — September. Perennial. 
VII. HEMP-NETTLE. (GALEOP'SIS. Linn.) — Flowers often large and showy, rose, yellow, 
or white, sometimes strongly marked with another colour, in dense, many-flowered clusters in the 
axils of the leaves (false whorls). Calyx of 5 sepals, united into a tube and separating into 
5 spinous-pointed teeth, inserted below the seedcase (inferior) ; corolla of 5 petals, united into 
a long tube and spreading into a 2-lipped (bilabiate) limb, the upper lip erect, arched, entire 
or slightly notched, the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, with 2 small erect teeth on its upper side, 
inserted below the seedcase (hypogynous) ; stamens 4, in unequal pairs (didynamous), included 
in the upper lip, each pair of anther-cells approaching one another, inserted on the corolla-tube 
(epi-petalous) ; carpels 2, united into a 4-celled seedcase and a long style divided at the apex into 
2 stigmas ; fruit of 4 little nuts (cocca). Branched herbs with square stems and toothed (serrate) 
opposite leaves. 
(1) Narrow-leaved Red Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis angustifolia.) — Flowers rose; terminal 
clusters massed into a head ; calyx-teeth shorter than tube ; corolla-tube much longer 
than calyx ; stem not swollen at joints ; leaves narrow. 
(2) Intermediate Red Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis Lad'anum.) — Flowers rose; clusters distant; 
corolla-tube about same length as calyx ; stem not swollen at joints ; leaves 
broader. 
(3) Downy Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis dubia.) — Flowers pale yellow ; whole plant densely 
hairy. 
(4) Common Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis Tet'rahit.) — Flowers pink, terminal clusters massed 
in a head ; calyx-teeth as long as tube ; corolla-tube as long as calyx ; stem swollen 
at the joints ; leaves broad ; hairy. 
(5) Large-flowered Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis speciosa.) — Flowers yellow with purple spot ; 
corolla-tube much longer than calyx ; leaves broad. 
1. Common Red Hemp-Nettle, Narrow-leaved Red Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis 
angustifolia. Ehrh.) — As just described. The flowers are f-i inch long, rose-coloured, with 
white blotches and darker rose markings on the lower lip, in dense clusters, the upper clusters 
crowded together at the top of the stem into a head ; calyx-teeth pointed and shorter than the 
tube; the corolla-tube much longer than the calyx; the stem 6-18 inches high, usually much 
branched, not thickened at the joints (nodes) ; and the leaves shortly stalked, narrow, lance-shaped, 
toothed or entire. Different specimens vary considerably in their hairiness. 
Fairly common. In corn-fields and waste places in gravelly and sandy parts ; more common in 
southern England, though fairly generally distributed everywhere, rare in Scotland, local in Ireland. 
July — October. Annual. 
2. Rare Red Hemp-Nettle, Intermediate Red Hemp-Nettle. (Galeopsis 
Lad'anum. Linn.) — A very similar species to the last, differing in the flower-clusters being 
not quite so near together, not massed into a head ; in the corolla-tube being the same length 
or very little longer than the calyx ; and in the leaves being broader at the base and regularly 
toothed (serrate). ( Galeopsis intermedia. Villi) 
Very rare and local. In wheat-fields in Moray in Scotland. July — October. Annual. 
