98 WILD FLOWERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
3. Downy Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis dubia. Leers.) — A very similar species to the last 
— the Rare Red Hemp-Nettle (Galeopsis Ladanum) — but having large pale yellow flowers, ij 
inches long, larger leaves, and the whole plant so densely and softly hairy that the upper part looks 
whitish. ( Galeopsis ochroleuca. Lam.) 
Rare. In sandy corn-fields and waste places; in the centre and north of England and in 
Carnarvonshire. July — August. Annual. 
4. Common Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis Tet'rahit. Linn.)— A species with pale pink 
or whitish flowers, marked with rose, the upper clusters crowded together at the top of the stem ; 
the calyx-teeth fine and pointed, hairy, almost prickly, usually the same length as the strongly 
ribbed tube, sometimes longer ; and the corolla-tube equal in length to the calyx or longer. [As 
described in the genus Hemp-Nettle (Galeopsis).] The stem is 1-2 feet high, swollen at the 
nodes, branched, the branches spreading and hairy ; and the leaves are stalked, egg-shaped (ovate), 
pointed, toothed (serrate), and hairy. [Plate 34. 
Very common. In fields, cultivated land, and waste places ; generally distributed throughout 
England, Scotland, and Ireland. July — September. Annual. 
5 . Large-flowered Hemp-Nettle. (Galeop'sis speciosa. Mill.)— A similar species to 
the last but having larger flowers, 1^ inches long, yellow, with a broad purple spot on the lower lip ; 
and the corolla-tube much longer than the calyx. ( Galeopsis versicolor. Curt.) 
Not uncommon. In fields, cultivated land, and waste places ; common in the north of England, 
rare in the south, common in the south of Scotland and rare in the north, local in Ireland. 
July — August. Annual. 
VIII. STACHYS. Linn. — Flowers in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves or bracts (false 
whorls) forming terminal, or spike-like clusters, or heads. Calyx of 5 sepals, united into a tube 
with 5 or 10 ribs and separating into as many equal spiny teeth, inserted below the seedcase 
(inferior) ; corolla of 5 petals, united into a tube, and separating into a 2-lipped (bilabiate) limb, 
the upper lip erect and arched, the lower 3-lobed and spreading, inserted below the seedcase 
(hypogynous) ; stamens 4, in unequal pairs (didynamous), included in the upper lip, each pair of 
anthers approaching one another, inserted on the corolla-tube (epi-petalous) ; carpels 2, united into 
a 4-celled seedcase and a long style divided at the apex into 2 stigmas ; fruit of 4 little nuts (cocca). 
Herbs with square stems, and wrinkled (rugose) opposite leaves which are often heart-shaped at 
the base. 
(1) Wood Betony. (Stdchys officinalis.) — Flowers in ahead; leave chiefly from root, stem 
erect. 
Flowers in spike-like clusters. 
(2) Downy Woundwort. (Stdchys german'ica.) — Plant whitish with silky hairs ; stem erect. 
(3) Marsh Woundwort. (Stdchys palus'tris.) — Corolla-tube no longer than calyx ; leaves 
narrow, oblong, nearly stalkless ; stem erect. 
(4) Hedge Woundwort. (Stdchys sylvat'ica.) — Corolla-tube much longer than calyx; leaves 
broad, egg-shaped, stalked ; stem erect. 
(5) Hill Woundwort. (SHchys alpfna.) — Corolla-tube longer than calyx. 
(6) Corn Woundwort. (Stdchys arven'sis.) — Flowers small, corolla-tube shorter than calyx ; 
stem prostrate. 
1. Wood Betony. (Stdehys officindlis. Trev.) — As just described. A very character- 
istic plant with clusters (false whorls) of magenta-coloured flowers, f inch long, all massed together 
