THE DEAD-NETTLE FAMILY 
99 
into a terminal head, except the last circle of flowers, which is usually quite distant from the head ; 
the leaves of the upper flower-clusters are reduced to small pointed bracts, while the lower clusters 
(whorls) have each a pair of small stalkless leaves at the base. The square stem is generally 
10-12 inches high, sometimes taller, usually unbranched (simple), with a few distant pairs of stem- 
leaves which are stalkless (sessile) or nearly so, oblong, and scalloped (crenate) ; the root-leaves, 
of which there are more, are on long stalks, triangular-oblong, or heart-shaped (cordate) at the 
base, and deeply scalloped (crenate). (S tacky s Betonica. Benth .) \Plate 34. 
Very common. Woods and thickets ; throughout England, rare in Scotland and Ireland. June — 
August. Perennial. 
2. Downy Woundwort. (Stdehys german'ica. Linn.) — Flowers pale purplish-rose, 
£ inch long, in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves (false whorls), the clusters separated from 
one another but near enough to form a spike-like cluster ; the calyx covered with silky hairs and 
the teeth spiny; the corolla-tube about as long as the calyx; the stem 1-3 feet high, stout, 
usually unbranched, and hairy ; the leaves narrowly egg-shaped (ovate) or lance-shaped, heart- 
shaped (cordate) at the base, pointed, wrinkled (rugose), and softly silky, those from the root on 
long stalks, and those on the lower stem shortly stalked and graduating into stalkless (sessile) leaves 
at the top. The whole plant is so densely clothed with long white silky hairs as to present a grey 
or even whitish appearance. 
Very rare. By waysides and in waste places on chalky ground ; reported to have been found in 
Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, Norfolk, and Kent, but apparently not persistent in these localities. 
July — August. Biennial. 
3. Marsh Woundwort. (St&chys palus'tris. Linn.) — Flowers about J inch long, 
purplish-rose colour, 6-10 in clusters in the axils of the leaves (false whorls) forming a long 
interrupted spike-like cluster (raceme) ; the calyx-teeth are slightly spiny ; and the corolla-tube 
is about the same length as the calyx, the lower lip having white markings. [As described 
in the genus Stachys.] The stem is stout, erect, 1-3 feet high, hollow, square, simple or 
branched ; the leaves are oblong or lance-shaped, pointed, scalloped (crenate) or toothed (serrate), 
not wrinkled, almost stalkless (sessile), the lower ones heart-shaped at the base with very short 
stalks, the upper ones stalkless. The whole plant is slightly hairy and has an unpleasant smell. 
Very common. By the sides of rivers and ditches and in damp places ; throughout England, 
Scotland, and Ireland. July — August. Perennial. 
4. Hedge Woundwort. (St&ehys sylvat'ica. Linn.) — A very similar species to the 
last but with dull red flowers mottled with white ; the corolla-tube much longer than the calyx ; 
a more wiry solid stem ; and broader egg-shaped (ovate) leaves, heart-shaped at the base, stalked, 
the upper ones in the axils of which are the flowers-clusters getting smaller, narrower, not heart- 
shaped, and graduating into very small bracts at the top of the spike. The whole plant is much 
more hairy than the Marsh Woundwort (Stachys palustris) and has a more powerful and 
unpleasant smell. [ Plate 34. 
- Very common. By hedges, in woods and waste places ; in England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
July — August. Perennial. 
5. Hill Woundwort. (St&chys alpina. Linn.) — Flowers purple spotted with white 
in distant clusters of 5-12 in the leaf-axils, forming an interrupted spike; the corolla longer than 
the calyx ; the stem erect, 1-2 feet high, little branched, hairy, the upper part with gland-tipped 
hairs ; and the leaves oblong egg-shaped, heart-shaped at the base, pointed, and scalloped 
(crenate). 
Very rare. Woods in Gloucestershire. July — August. Perennial. 
