Annals of the Transvaal Museum 
119 
Cervical Vertebrae. 
Five of the neck vertebrae have' been preserved. They form an unbroken 
series, the last of which is at the same time the last neck vertebra (PI. XXI, 
fig. 3). They are all in very bad condition, flattened and crushed, and the last 
one is nearly unrecognisable. The lengths of their centra are, from the anterior 
one backwards, 9 cm., 9 cm., 7-5 cm., 7*5 cm. and ? cm. As preserved the first 
and second of the series are slightly keeled, especially anteriorly and posteriorly. 
The third and fourth are more strongly keeled, although their lower borders 
are still concave. The fifth is strongly keeled, but that is all that can be said 
about it. Most of the dimensions are useless, and the general appearance of 
the vertebrae will be best understood from the figures. The breadth of the 
dorsal spine in the first four vertebrae is respectively about 5 cm., about 6 cm., 
about 5 cm. and 4-5 cm. The praezygapophyses of the second vertebra have a 
length of about 4-5 cm. The articulation surfaces of all the zygapophyses con- 
verge downwards. There is a slight ridge on the neural arch, just above and 
parallel with the neural suture. Posteriorly this ridge is evenly rounded, but 
in the third vertebra its lower side is hollow over about two-thirds of its 
length starting in front, and it forms, therefore, a downward leaning crista 
over this distance. In the more anterior vertebrae this crista is shorter. The 
diapophysis is situated on the anterior portion of this crista. It is not pre- 
served. The parapophysis, which is situated near the anterior edge of the 
centrum, is either broken off or covered by the proximal end of a rib. Some of 
the ribs of the neck vertebrae are in good preservation. The tuberculum 
branches off from near the proximal end of the rib under an acute angle. Its 
articulating end is broken off in most instances ; a portion of it is preserved in 
one rib and it is shown to be hollow upwards. In this specimen its length is 
2 cm. This rib probably belongs to the fourth vertebra of the series; its 
probable fellow is also present. The capitulum is an inward process, which is 
not given off at the extreme proximal end of the rib, but slightly distal to it. 
The rib therefore has a small anterior process in front of the base of the 
capitulum. The capitulum is a thick round process directed forwards and 
inwards, with an expanded, circular, hollow articulation surface. In the ribs 
which probably belong to the fourth vertebra of the series its length is 5 and 
7 mm. and the breadth of its articulation surface 8 mm. The length of the 
capitulum of the third vertebra is 3 mm. and the breadth of its articulation 
surface 9 mm. In the second vertebra the rib has a capitulum with a cup- 
shaped articulation surface attached to its inner side and near its end. The 
ribs were so long when they were found that their thin distal ends projected 
beyond the hinder ends of the vertebrae. The right rib of the first vertebra 
still shows a length of 8-5 cm. and both ends are broken off. 
Dorsal Vertebrae. 
All the dorsal vetebrae have been preserved, but in such a bad condition 
that the exact number of dorsals cannot be given with absolute certainty. 
If the remains of a vertebra behind the last neck vertebra are those of the 
first dorsal, then the second dorsal is only represented by its zygapophyses. 
From the third onwards the series is complete. It is difficult to decide which 
vertebra is the last dorsal. If the above assumption is right, then the fifteenth 
of the series was the first between the ilea. For reasons which will be stated 
later, I take this vertebra to be the first sacral. The number of dorsals there- 
fore is 14, if the assumption of the first dorsal is right. It is not impossible, 
although very improbable, that a vertebra is missing between the last neck 
