Annals of the Transvaal Museum 
121 
size of the vertebrae. From the second caudal onwards the lower surface of 
all the centra is grooved. This groove is more clearly visible in the sixth to 
the eleventh caudal. The groove is deep in its posterior end, where it cuts 
slightly into the lower margin of the posterior articulation surface. The 
transverse processes are broad and thin; they are directed outwards, back- 
wards and upwards. Their base is still broad in the last vertebra. The dorsal 
spines are high and narrow; even the dorsal spine of the third caudal only 
attains a breadth of 1*7 cm. in its upper end, which is much less than half 
that of the tenth dorsal. Its length was about 6 cm. The dorsal spines of the 
sixth to the tenth caudal are preserved. There is an interval between them 
and the praezygapophyses. Their anterior edge is sharp. The length of the 
seventh is nearly 6 cm. ; that of the tenth nearly 4-5 cm. The posterior edge 
of the dorsal spine is a sharp ridge above, but below this sharp ridge runs into 
a groove formed by the backward projecting lower end of the sides of the 
spine. The praezygapophyses are long and stand out forwards and upwards. 
Their articulation surfaces are perpendicular in the sixth to the tenth caudal 
(the others are not or too badly preserved) and each is parallel with its fellow. 
The postzygapophyses are short and are situated high up behind the dorsal 
spine. 
The haemapophysis of the first caudal has lost its proximal and its distal 
end. As preserved its length is 9-5 cm. That of the second caudal has lost 
its distal end only and its length as preserved is 1 1 cm. There is a deep groove 
downwards from the proximal end on the anterior and on the posterior edge. 
The haemapophysis of the ninth caudal was also longer than 11 cm. The 
proximal end has two articulation surfaces, a larger anterior one and a narrow, 
half-moon shaped posterior one. The two surfaces stand in such a way that, 
when they are applied to the vertebra, the axis of the haemapophysis makes 
an angle of about 45 0 with the axis of the vertebra. 
Shoulder Girdle. 
Scapula and coracoid of the right side are present, but also in very bad 
condition. 
The scapula (PI. XVII, fig. 1) has a length of 25-5 cm. Its breadth at the 
narrowest place in the middle is 3-8 cm. Its breadth at the distal end cannot 
be given accurately for the upper corner is broken off ; as preserved it is 5-2 cm. ; 
it may originally have been 7 cm. The breadth at the proximal end, from the 
top of the processus deltoideus as preserved to the lower border of the facies 
glenoidalis pro humero, is 8-5 cm.; originally this may have been 10-5 cm. 
The thickness of the scapula at its distal end is 0-9 cm. Near the lower border 
of the curved portion the thickness is 1-7 cm. The thickness of the bone at 
the articulation surface for the humerus is 2-8 cm. The distal edge is broken 
off and nothing is visible of a thickening at this border. This may also be 
the result of crushing. The processus deltoideus is broken off. There is an 
indication of a circular depression in front of the processus deltoideus, but 
there is not a trace of a distal sharp edge to this depression. The articulation 
surface for the humerus is broad. Its inner portion projects further downwards 
and forwards than its outer portion. The distal end of the scapula is straight; 
in its proximal half, however, the bone is curved with the concavity inwards. 
The coracoid (PI. XVII, fig. 1) is an outwardly convex and inwardly concave 
plate. A large piece of its upper portion is lost. The upper portion is thin 
and the lower portion thicker. The articulation surface for the humerus is 
too much damaged for description and the articulation surface for the scapula 
is covered by that bone. The foramen supracoracoideum lies at a distance of 
