120 
WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES. 
each side of the stem at exactly the same height ; the leaves are 
produced in the same order. These leaves, which are three or 
four inches in length, are much wrinkled, heart-shaped, with a 
blunt, small end, white beneath, and the edges very finely toothed. 
The flower-cluster is a cyme, and it should be noted that all the 
white flowers comprised in it are of the same size and form, the 
corollas being funnel-shaped, with five lobes, and the five stamens 
are extruded from the mouth. The flowers, which are jointed 
to the stalks, are out in May and June, and the flattened oval 
fruits that follow are, as already stated, at first red, then black. 
The local names for this shrub include Mealy-tree, Whipcrop, 
Cotton-tree, Cottoner, Coventree, Lithe-wort, Lithy-tree, Twist- 
wood, White-wood. Mealy-tree, Cotton-tree, Cottoner, and 
White-wood all have obvious reference to the appearance of the 
young shoots and leaves, due to the presence of the white hairs 
with which they are covered. Lithe-wort and Lithy-tree, also 
Twist-wood and Whipcrop, indicate the supple and elastic 
character of the branches, which are often used instead of Withy 
to bind up a bundle of sticks or vegetables, or to make a hoop 
for a gate-fastener. In Germany the shoots, when only a year 
old, are used in basket-weaving, and, when a year or two older, 
serve for pipe-stems. 
The Guelder Rose ( Viburmm opulus). 
Although the Guelder Rose and the Wayfaring-tree are very 
closely related, the differences between them are so great that 
there is little danger of any person with ordinary powers of 
observation confusing them. The Guelder Rose does not grow 
so tall as its congener, twelve feet being about the extreme 
height to which it attains in a wild state, and ordinarily it is 
several feet less. It is not so fond of dry soils, and is more 
frequently found in the copse, where it is not subject to the 
