52 
SIR JOSEPH BAyKS. 
from Philip Miller, whose owti herbarium, containing the types of many of the 
plants described in the “Gardeners’ Dictionarj-/’ ed. viii (1768), was acquired by 
Banks in 1774. In that year Banks arranged with the “ Societas Unitatis Fratrum” 
or Moravian Brothers, to collect plants at Tranquebar, whence he received about 
500 specimens in 1775-78. In 1775 he purchased a large herbarium of Swiss 
plants, indicated in the herbarium a? “ Herb. Helvet.,” collected by Dick; these 
Banks obtained through Dr. Pitcairn (1711-91), who had a botanic garden at 
Islington, specimens from which are in the herbarium. The collections of the 
Forsters and of Loureiro were acquired at about the same time. The plants 
collected by Ale.xander Russell (1715?-68) and his brother Patrick (1726- 1805), 
who were at Aleppo in 1740-53 and 1755-71 respectively, were sent to Banks 
and are described by him and Solander in the “ Natural History of Aleppo,” ed. 2 
(1789). Other well-known London gardens contributed to the Banksian collection 
at this period : notably those of James Gordon at Mile End, James Lee at Hammer- 
smith, William Malcolm at Kensington, and James Vere at Kensington Gore; 
there are also a few specimens from the garden of Richard Anthony Salisbury 
at Chapel Allerton, Yorkshire. The most important collection of cultivated 
plants is, however, that from the Royal Gardens, Kew, which contains the types 
of the numerous species described by Banks’ librarians — Solander and Dryander 
(helped in the second edition by Brown) in Aiton’s “ Hortus Kewensis,” the MS. 
original descriptions of these, and of a large number of other plants in the Sloane 
and Banksian herbaria, are preserved in the Department of Botany. Jacquin’s 
herbarium, consisting largely of plants cultivated by him in the Vienna and 
Schonbrunn Gardens, and containing some of his West Indian plants, was pur- 
chased by Banks, and is incorporated with his collection, which also contains 
specimens sent by A. L. de Jussieu from the Paris Garden. 
Among the more noteworthy of the Indian collectors are William Roxburgh; 
Buchanan (Hamilton), (who sent plants to Banks in 1794 and 1798); J. G. Koenig, 
who sent plants in 1776, and bequeathed to Banks his herbarium and MSS.; 
James Robertson, who collected in Bombay, Madras, China, and Johanna Island 
in 1772-76. The most important Chinese collection is that made by Sir George 
Staunton, during Lord Macartney’s embassy to China in 1793. 
From Polynesia are the large collections of J. R. and G. Forster, made during 
Cook’s second voyage (1772-75); also plants obtained during Cook’s third voyage 
(1776-80), by David Nelson, who also collected in Australia and Timor; William 
Anderson also collected during these voyages in the same countries. The speci- 
mens collected by Christopher Smith and James Wiles, during Bligh’s voyage to 
Otaheite (1791-93) were also sent to Banks. 
From the Cape there are, besides the very important collections of Francis 
Masson (1741-1805), who also sent plants to Banks from the Canaries and Azores, 
from the West Indies, and from North America and Canada ; about 1,000 
specimens from Oldenburg, collected in 1772; and others fro7n James Niven 
(1774?-1826), David Nelson {d. 1789), and Andreas Auge {fl. 1794). Among the 
collectors in tropical Africa may be mentioned William Brass {fl. 1790), who 
collected at Cape Coast; Henry Smeathman (fl. 1750-87), who sent plants from 
Madagascar and Sierra Leone; and Christian Smith (1785-1816), whose important 
collections during the Congo expedition were described by Robert Brown. The 
principal contributor of Madagascar plants was John Vaughan Thompson (fl. 
1807-29). 
Among New World collections, the most important is that of John Cla 5 don 
(1686?-1773), who sent his Virginian plants to Gronovius; they are the types of 
Gronovius’s “ Flora Virginica “ (1743-1762). The volume of South Carolina plants 
collected by William Young (fl. 1753-84), with an accompanying volume of crude 
drawings, was acquired by Banks from the Bute library in 1794. 
Other early American collectors represented in the herbarium are John Bartram 
(1699-1777), and his son William (1739-1823); W. V. Turner, who collected in 
